Part 2, Reference for Chapter 17: Principles of Evidence‐based Dermatology
Skip chapter table of contents and go to main content
Evidence‐based medicine
- 1 Evidence‐based medicine. In: Goldsmith LA, Katz SI, Gilchrest BA, Paller A, Leffell DJ, Wolff K, eds. Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine, 8th edn. Columbus, OH: McGraw‐Hill, 2012:9–15. , , .
- 2 Anonymous. Medical research council streptomycin in tuberculosis trials committee. Streptomycin treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. BMJ 1948;ii:769–82.
- 3 Effectiveness and Efficiency. Random Reflections on Health Services. London: Nuffield Provincial Hospital Trust, 1972.
- 4 Clinical Epidemiology: A Basic Science for Clinical Medicine. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1991. , , , .
- 5 Evidence Based Medicine Working Group. Evidence‐based medicine a new approach to teaching the practice of medicine. JAMA 1992;268:2420–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
- 6 Evidence based medicine: what it is and what it isn't. BMJ 1996;312:71–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 7 Getting to grips with Archie Cochrane's agenda. BMJ 1992;305:786–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 8 Bringing evidence to the clinic. Arch Dermatol 1998;134:1519–20. Pubmed link , .
- 9 Information needs in office practice: are they being met? Ann Intern Med 1985;103:596–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 10 Information excess in medicine. Overview, relevance to dermatology, and strategies for coping. Arch Dermatol 1992;128:1249–56. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 11 Dowling Oration 2001. Evidence‐based dermatology 2 a bridge too far? Clin Exp Dermatol 2001;26:714–24. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 12 Systematic reviews in health care: investigating and dealing with publication and other biases in meta‐analysis. BMJ 2001;323:101—5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 13 Imiquimod, molluscum, and the need for a better “Best Pharmaceuticals for Children” act. Pediatrics 2013;132:1–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 14 An evaluation of method reporting and use in clinical trials in dermatology. Arch Dermatol 1985;121:1394–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 15 How well are randomized controlled trials reported in the dermatology literature? Arch Dermatol 2000;136:381–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 16 Pityriasis versicolor: a systematic review of interventions. Arch Dermatol 2010;146:1132–40. Pubmed link , .
- 17 What is the point of databases of reviews for dermatology if all they compile is “insufficient evidence”? J Am Acad Dermatol 2004;50:635–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 18 Pharmaceutical industry sponsorship and research outcome and quality: systematic review. BMJ 2003:326:1167–70. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 19 Reporting and interpretation of randomized controlled trials with statistically nonsignificant results for primary outcomes. JAMA 2010;303:2058–64. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 20 Prospective registration and outcome‐reporting bias in randomized controlled trials of eczema treatments: a systematic review. J Invest Dermatol 2012;132:2727–34. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 21 Surveys of self‐reported reading times of consultants in Oxford, Birmingham, Milton‐Keynes, Bristol, Leicester, and Glasgow. In: RosenbergWMC, RichardsonWS, HaynesRB, SackettDL, eds. Evidence‐based Medicine. London: Churchill Livingstone, 1997:1–20. .
Formulating questions and finding evidence
- 22 Formulating well built clinical questions. In: Williams HC, Bigby M, Diepgen T, Herxheimer A, Naldi L, Rzany B, eds. Evidence‐based Dermatology, 2nd edn. London: BMJ Books, 2009:29–30. , .
- 23 The Evidence Based Medicine Working Group Users’ Guides to the Medical Literature, 2nd edn. Chicago: McGraw Hill, 2008:17–28. , , , .
- 24 What is your research question? An introduction to the PICOT format for clinicians. J Can Chiropr Assoc 2012;56:167–71. Pubmed link , , , , .
- 25 Evidence‐based Medicine. In: Goldsmith LA, Katz SI, Gilchrest BA, Paller A, Leffell DJ, Wolff K, eds. Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine, 8th edn. Columbus, OH: McGraw‐Hill, 2012:9–15. , , .
- 26 Challenges to the hierarchy of evidence: does the emperor have no clothes? Arch Dermatol 2001;137:345–6. Pubmed link .
- 27 Cumulative meta‐analysis of therapeutic trials for myocardial infarction [see comments]. N Eng J Med 1992;327:248–54. Cross Ref link , , , , , .
- 28 Discrepancies between meta‐analyses and subsequent large randomized, controlled trials. N Engl J Med 1997;337:536–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 29 Summing up evidence: one answer is not always enough. Lancet 1998;351:123–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 30 The unpredictability paradox: review of empirical comparisons of randomised and non‐randomised clinical trials. BMJ 1998;317:1185–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 31 A comparison of observational studies and randomized, controlled trials. N Engl J Med 2000;342:1878–86. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 32 Randomized, controlled trials, observational studies, and the hierarchy of research design. N Engl J Med 2000;342:1887–92. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 33 The growth of clinical trials and systematic reviews in informing dermatological patient care. J Invest Dermatol 2012;132:1008–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 34 Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgment. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice‐Hall, 1980. , .
- 35 Paradigm lost. Arch Dermatol 2000;136:26–7. Pubmed link .
- 36 Randomised comparison of thalidomide versus placebo in toxic epidermal necrolysis. Lancet 1998;352:1586–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 37 Cochrane Skin Group systematic reviews are more methodologically rigorous than other systematic reviews in dermatology. Br J Dermatol 2006;155:1230–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 38 The Cochrane Skin Group: a vanguard for developing and promoting evidence‐based dermatology. J Evid Based Med 2013;6:236–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 39 How well are randomized controlled trials reported in the dermatology literature? Arch Dermatol 2000;136:381–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 40 A systematic review of five systemic treatments for severe psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 1997;137:943–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 41 How to Read a Paper: the Basics of Evidence Based Medicine, 5th edn. London: BMJ Publishing Group, 1997. .
- 42 Comparison of PubMed and Google Scholar Literature Searches. Respir Care 2010;55(5):578–83. Pubmed link , .
- 43 Comparing test searches in PubMed and Google Scholar J Med Libr Assoc 2007;95(4):442–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 44 Google Scholar versus PubMed in locating primary literature to answer drug‐related questions. Ann Pharmacother 2009;43(3):478–84. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 45 Mapping randomised controlled trials of treatments for eczema – the GREAT database. BMC Dermatol 2011;11:10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
Critically appraising evidence and applying it to individual patients
- 46 Evidence‐based medicine. In: Goldsmith LA, Katz SI, Gilchrest BA, Paller A, Leffell DJ, Wolff K, eds. Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine, 8th edn. Columbus, OH: McGraw‐Hill, 2012:9–15. , , .
- 47 Understanding and evaluating systematic reviews. Indian J Dermatol 2014;59:134–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 48 PRISMA Group. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses: the PRISMA Statement. BMJ 2009;339:b2535. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , ,
- 49 Uses and abuses of meta‐analysis. Clin Med 2001;1:478–84. Cross Ref link , , .
- 50 HigginsJPT, GreenS, eds. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011), www.handbook.cochrane.org (last accessed May 2014). Cross Ref link
- 51 HigginsJPT, GreenS, eds. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011), http://handbook.cochrane.org (last accessed May 2014). Cross Ref link
- 52 Cochrane Collaboration. Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias. http://ohg.cochrane.org/sites/ohg.cochrane.org/files/uploads/Risk%20of%20bias%20assessment%20tool.pdf (last accessed May 2014).
- 53 Systematic reviews in health care: investigating and dealing with publication and other biases in meta‐analysis. BMJ 2001;323:101–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 54 Factors influencing publication of research results. Follow‐up of applications submitted to two institutional review boards. JAMA 1992;267:374–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 55 Imiquimod, molluscum, and the need for a better “best pharmaceuticals for children” act. Pediatrics 2013;132(1):1–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 56 http://www.badscience.net/category/publication‐bias/ (last accessed May 2014). . Bad science.
- 57 Cochrane reviews compared with industry supported meta‐analyses and other meta‐analyses of the same drugs: systematic review. BMJ 2006;333:782. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 58 Cochrane Skin Group systematic reviews are more methodologically rigorous than other systematic reviews in dermatology. Br J Dermatol 2006;155:1230–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 59 Quality of Cochrane reviews: assessment of sample from 1998. BMJ 2001;323:829–32. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 60 The role of systematic reviews and meta‐analysis in dermatology. J Invest Dermatol 2012;132(11):e2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 61 Forest plots in reports of systematic reviews: a cross‐sectional study reviewing current practice. Int J Epidemiol 2010;39:421–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 62 The (relative) risks of using odds ratios. Arch Dermatol 2006;142:761–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 63 Centre for Evidence Based Medicine. Number needed to treat. http://www.cebm.net/index.aspx?o=1044 (last accessed May 2014).
- 64 StatTools.net. http://www.statstodo.com/RiskOddsConv_Pgm.php (last accessed May 2014).
- 65 Evidence‐based dermatology: number needed to treat and its relation to other risk measures. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;56:664–71. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 66 HigginsJPT, GreenS, eds. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011), chapter 9.5. www.handbook‐cochrane.org (last accessed May 2014). Cross Ref link
- 67 A comparison of methods to detect publication bias in meta‐analysis. Stat Med 2001;20:641–54. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 68 What is the point of databases of reviews for dermatology if all they compile is “insufficient evidence”? J Am Acad Dermatol 2004;50:635–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 69 Guidelines for designing and reporting clinical trials in vitiligo. Arch Dermatol 2011;147:1428–36. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 70 Understanding and evaluating clinical trials. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996;34:555–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 71 How to critically appraise a randomized controlled trial. In: Williams HC, Bigby M, Diepgen T, Herxheimer A, Naldi L, Rzany B, eds. Evidence‐based Dermatology, 2nd edn. London: BMJ Books, 2008:44–51. .
- 72 Controlled trial of azathioprine and plasma exchange in addition to prednisolone in the treatment of bullous pemphigoid. Arch Dermatol 1993;129:49–53. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 73 Interventions for bullous pemphigoid. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;Issue 10:CD002292 Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 74 Post‐randomisation exclusions: the intention to treat principle and excluding patients from analysis. BMJ 2002;325:652–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 75 Clinical trials in dermatology. Part 3: Measuring responses to treatment. Int J of Dermatol 1980;19:1–6. Cross Ref link .
- 76 Severe psoriasis‐oral therapy with a new retinoid. Dermatologica 1978;157:238–44. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 77 Assessment of area of involvement in skin disease: a study using schematic figure outlines. Br J Dermatol 1992;128:69–74. Cross Ref link , .
- 78 Core outcome domains for controlled trials and clinical recordkeeping in eczema: international multi‐perspective Delphi consensus process. J Invest Dermatol 2011;131:623–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , on behalf of the Harmonizing Outcome Measurements in Eczema (HOME) Delphi Panel.
- 79 et al. Acyclovir with and without prednisone for the treatment of herpes zoster. Ann Intern Med 1996;125:376–83. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , ,
- 80 The importance of beta, the type II error and sample size in the design and interpretation of the randomized control trial. N Eng J Med 1978;299:690–4. Cross Ref link , , , .
- 81 Statistical power, sample size, and their reporting in randomized controlled trials. JAMA 1994;272:122–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 82 Inadequate size of ‘negative’ clinical trials in dermatology. Br J Dermatol 1993;128:317–26. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 83 Ruling out the diagnosis. Arch Dermatol 1996;132:697–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 84 Assessing the value of diagnostic tests: a framework for designing and evaluating trials. BMJ 2012;344:e686. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 85 The performance of transient elastography compared to clinical acumen and routine tests – what is the incremental diagnostic value? Liver Int 2013;33:172–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 86 Towards complete and accurate reporting of studies of diagnostic accuracy: the STARD initiative. BMJ 2003;326:41–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 87 A philosophical analysis of the Hill criteria. J Epidemiol Community Health 2005;59:512–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 88 Phenotypic markers, sunlight‐related factors and sunscreen use in patients with cutaneous melanoma: an Austrian case–control study. Melanoma Res 1998;8:370–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 89 Efficacy and tolerability of topical pimecrolimus and tacrolimus in the treatment of atopic dermatitis: meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2005;330:516–25. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 90 Evidence‐based Medicine: How to Practice and Teach EBM. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1996. , , , .
Evaluating the data in clinical research papers and a shortcut method for reading clinical research papers
- 91 Understanding and evaluating clinical trials. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996;34:555–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 92 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses: the PRISMA Statement. BMJ 2009;339:b2535. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , PRISMA Group.
- 93 Statistics notes: one and two sided tests of significance. BMJ 1994;309:248. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 94 Comparative study of calcipotriol (MC 903) ointment and betamethasone 17‐valerate ointment in patients with psoriasis vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992;26:736–43. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 95 Misuse of statistical methods: critical assessment of articles in BMJ from January to March 1976. BMJ 1977;1(6053):85‐7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 96 Current topics biostatistics: how to detect, correct and prevent errors in the medical literature. Circulation 1980;61:1–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 97 Probability of adverse events that have not yet occurred: a statistical reminder. BMJ 1995;311:619–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 98 The importance of beta, the Type II error and sample size in the design and interpretation of the randomized control trial. N Eng J Med 1978;299:690–4. Cross Ref link , , , et al.
- 99 Statistical power, sample size, and their reporting in randomized controlled trials. JAMA 1994;272:122–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 100 Improving the quality of reports of meta‐analyses of randomised controlled trials: the QUOROM statement. Quality of Reporting of Meta‐analyses. Lancet 1999;354:1896–900. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 101 CONSORT 2010 explanation and elaboration: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. BMJ 2010;340:c869. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 102 STROBE Initiative. Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. BMJ 2007;335:806–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , ;
- 103 Statistical guidelines for the British Journal of Surgery. Br J Surg 1991;78:782–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 104 Conflicts of interest in dermatology. Acta Derm Venereol 2006;86(6):485–97. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .