Prescribing topical treatment

• 1  Stoughton RB, Wullich K. The same glucocorticoid in brand‐name products. Does increasing the concentration result in greater topical biologic activity? Arch Dermatol 1989;125:1509–11.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 2  Embil K, Nacht S. The Microsponge Delivery System (MDS): a topical delivery system with reduced irritancy incorporating multiple triggering mechanisms for the release of actives. J Microencapsul 1996;13:575–88.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 3  Schafer‐Korting M, Korting HC, Braun‐Falco O. Liposome preparations: a step forward in topical drug therapy for skin disease? A review. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;21:1271–5.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 4  Patel VB, Misra AN, Marfatia YS. Preparation and comparative clinical evaluation of liposomal gel of benzoyl peroxide for acne. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2001;27:863–9.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 5  Agarwal R, Saraswat A, Kaur I, et al. A novel liposomal formulation of dithranol for psoriasis: preliminary results. J Dermatol 2002;29:529–32.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 6  Berth‐Jones J, Damstra RJ, Golsch S, et al. Twice weekly fluticasone propionate added to emollient maintenance treatment to reduce risk of relapse in atopic dermatitis: randomised, double blind, parallel group study. BMJ 2003;326:1367–70.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 7  Schlagel CA, Sanborn EC. The weights of topical preparations required for total and partial body inunction. J Invest Dermatol 1964;42:253–6.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 8  Maurice PDL, Saihan EG. Topical steroid requirement in inflammatory skin conditions. Br J Clin Pract 1985;39:441–2.Pubmed link
• 9  Long CC, Finlay AY. The finger‐tip unit: a new practical measure. Clin Exp Dermatol 1991;16:444–7.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 10  Finlay AY, Edwards PH, Harding KG. ‘Fingertip Unit’ in dermatology. Lancet 1989;11:155.Cross Ref link
• 11  Long CC, Finlay AY, Averill RW. The rule of hand: 4 hand areas = 2 FTU = 1 g. Arch Dermatol 1992;128:1129–30.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 12  Long CC, Mills CM, Finlay AY. A practical guide to topical therapy in children. Br J Dermatol 1998;138:293–6.Cross Ref linkPubmed link

Hazards associated with topical treatment

• 13  Gönül M, Gül U. Detection of contact hypersensitivity to corticosteroids in allergic contact dermatitis patients who do not respond to topical corticosteroids. Contact Dermatitis 2005;53:67–70.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 14  Lundov MD, Krongaard T, Menné TL, Johansen JD. Methylisothiazolinone contact allergy: a review. Br J Dermatol 2011;165:1178–82.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 15  Millard TP, Orton DI. Changing patterns of contact allergy in chronic inflammatory ear disease. Contact Dermatitis 2004;50:83–6.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 16  Goh CL, Med M. Contact sensitivity to topical medicaments. Int J Dermatol 1989;28:25–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 17  Brinca A, Cabral R, Gonçalo M. Contact allergy to local anaesthetics: value of patch testing with a caine mix in the baseline series. Contact Dermatitis 2013;68:156–62.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 18  Moustafa M, Holden CR, Athavale P, Cork MJ, Messenger AG, Gawkrodger DJ. Patch testing is a useful investigation in children with eczema. Contact Dermatitis 2011;65:208–12.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 19  Schliemann S, Geier J, Elsner P. Fragrances in topical over‐the‐counter medicaments: a loophole in EU legislation should be closed. Contact Dermatitis 2011;65:367–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 20  Nardelli A, D'Hooghe E, Drieghe J, Dooms M, Goossens A. Allergic contact dermatitis from fragrance components in specific topical pharmaceutical products in Belgium. Contact Dermatitis 2009;60:303–13.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 21  Green CM, Holden CR, Gawkrodger DJ. Contact allergy to topical medicaments becomes more common with advancing age: an age‐stratified study. Contact Dermatitis 2007;56:229–31.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 22  Madan RK, Levitt J. A review of toxicity from topical salicylic acid preparations. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014;70:788–92.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 23  Feldmann RJ, Maibach HI. Regional variation in percutaneous penetration of ¹⁴C cortisol in man. J Invest Dermatol 1967;48:181–3.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 24  Sulzberger MB, Witten VH. Thin pliable plastic films in topical dermatologic therapy. Arch Dermatol 1961;84:1027–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 25  Bourke J, Berth‐Jones J, Hutchinson PE. Occlusion enhances the efficacy of topical calcipotriol in psoriasis vulgaris. Clin Exp Dermatol 1993;18:504–6.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 26  Roskos KV, Maibach HI, Guy RH. The effect of aging on percutaneous absorption in man. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 1989;17:617–30.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 27  Borzyskowski M, Grant DB, Wells RS. Cushing's syndrome induced by topical steroids used for the treatment of non‐bullous ichthyosiform erythroderma. Clin Exp Dermatol 1976;1:337–42.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 28  Dwyer C, Chapman R. Calcipotriol and hypercalcaemia. Lancet 1991;338:764–5.Cross Ref linkPubmed link

Formulation of topical medicaments

• 29  Allen LV. Basics of compounding: tips and hints, Part 3: compounding with ointments, creams, pastes, gels, and gel‐creams. Int J Pharm Compd 2014;18:228–30.Pubmed link
• 30  Morrison DS. Petrolatum: conditioning through occlusion. In: Schueller R, Romanowski P, eds. Conditioning Agents for Hair and Skin. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1999:57–94.
• 31  Clark EW. The history and evolution of lanolin. In: Hoppe U, ed. The Lanolin Book. Hamburg: Beiersdorf AG, 1999:9–50.
• 32  Kligman AM. The myth of lanolin allergy. Lanolin is not a contact sensitizer. In: Hoppe U, ed. The Lanolin Book. Hamburg: Beiersdorf AG, 1999:161–75.
• 33  Clark R. In: Hibbot HW, ed. Handbook of Cosmetic Science. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1963:175–204.
• 34  Griffin WC. Calculation of HLB values of non‐ionic surfactant. J Soc Cosmet Chem 1954;5:249–56.
• 35  Ostrenga J, Haleblan J, Poulsen B, et al. Vehicle for a new topical steroid, fluocinonide. J Invest Dermatol 1971;56:392–9.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 36  Polano MK, Ponec M. Dependence of corticosteroid penetration on the vehicle. Arch Dermatol 1976;112:675–80.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 37  Spruance SL, McKeough M, Sugibayashi K, et al. Effect of azone and propylene glycol on penetration of trifluorothymidine through skin and efficacy of different topical formulations against cutaneous herpes simplex virus infections in guinea pigs. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1984;26:819–23.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 38  Feldmann RJ, Maibach HI. Percutaneous penetration of hydrocortisone with urea. Arch Dermatol 1974;109:58–9.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 39  Munro DD, Stoughton RB. Dimethylacetamide (DMAC) and dimethylformamide (DMF) effect on cutaneous absorption. Arch Dermatol 1965;92:585–6.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 40  Wester RC, Noonan PK, Maibach HI. Effect of salicylic acid on the percutaneous absorption of hydrocortisone. In vivo studies in the rhesus monkey. Arch Dermatol 1978;114:1162–4.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 41  Schafer‐Korting M, Korting HC, Braun‐Falco O. Liposome preparations: a step forward in topical drug therapy for skin disease? A review. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;21:1271–5.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 42  Korting HC, Stolz W, Schmid MH, et al. Interaction of liposomes with human epidermis reconstructed in vitro. Br J Dermatol 1995;132:571–9.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 43  Zhang YT, Shen LW, Wu ZH, et al. Comparison of eposomes and liposomes for skin delivery of psoralen for psoriasis therapy. Int J Pharm 2014;471:449–52.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 44  Jain B, Singh B, Katare OP, Vyas SP. Development and characterisation of minoxidil‐loaded liposomal system for delivery to pilosebaceous units. J Liposome Res 2010;20:105–14.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 45  Sinico C, Fadda AM. Vesicular carriers for dermal drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2009;6:813–25.Cross Ref linkPubmed link

Topical treatments used in the management of skin disease

Emollients

• 46  Van der Valk PGM, Nater JP, Bleumink E. Vulnerability of the skin to surfactants in different groups of eczema patients and controls as measured by water vapour loss. Clin Exp Dermatol 1985;10:98–103.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 47  White MI, McEwan Jenkinson D, Lloyd DH. The effect of washing on the thickness of the stratum corneum in normal and atopic individuals. Br J Dermatol 1987;116:525–30.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 48  Berth‐Jones J, Graham‐Brown RAC. How useful are soap substitutes? J Dermatol Treat 1992;3:9–11.Cross Ref link
• 49  Uehara M, Takada K. Use of soap in the management of atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Dermatol 1985;10:419–25.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 50  Tsang M, Guy RH. Effect of aqueous cream BP on human stratum corneum in vivo. Br J Dermatol 2010;163:954–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 51  Aqueous cream: may cause skin irritation, particularly in children with eczema, possibly due to sodium lauryl sulfate content. http://www.mhra.gov.uk/Safetyinformation/DrugSafetyUpdate/CON254804 (accessed 19 September 2014).

Anti‐infective agents

• 52  Nakonechna A, Dore P, Dixon T, et al. Immediate hypersensitivity to chlorhexidine is increasingly recognised in the United Kingdom. Allergol Immunopathol 2014;42:44–9.Cross Ref link
• 53  Dela Cruz F, Harper Brown D. Iodine absorption after topical administration. West J Med 1987;146:43–5.Pubmed link
• 54  Barnes TM, Greive KA. Use of bleach baths for the treatment of infected atopic eczema. Australas J Dermatol 2013;54:251–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link

Antibiotics

• 55  Vale MA, Connolly A, Epstein A. Metal/bacitracin induced anaphylaxis. Arch Dermatol 1978;114:800.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 56  Zaki I, Shall L, Dalziel KL. Bacitracin: a significant sensitizer in leg ulcer patients? Contact Dermatitis 1994;31:92–4.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 57  Draelos ZD, Carter E, Maloney JM, et al. Two randomized studies demonstrate the efficacy and safety of dapsone gel, 5% for the treatment of acne vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;56:439–47.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 58  Handler MZ, Hamilton H, Aires D. Treatment of peristomal pyoderma gangrenosum with topical crushed dapsone. J Drugs Dermatol 2011;10:1059–61.Pubmed link
• 59  Broussard KC, Berger TG, Rosenblum M, Murase JE. Erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp: a review with a focus on dapsone therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012;66:680–6.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 60  Frieling GW, Williams NL, Lim SJ, Rosenthal SI. Novel use of topical dapsone 5% gel for erythema elevatum diutinum: safer and effective. J Drugs Dermatol 2013;12:481–4.Pubmed link
• 61  Babalola O, Zhang J, Kristjansson A, et al. Granuloma faciale treated with topical dapsone: a case report. Dermatol Online J 2014;20(8):pii.
• 62  Bakkour W, Chularojanamontri L, Motta L, Chalmers RJ. Successful use of dapsone for the management of circinate balanitis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2014; 39: 333‐5.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 63  MacMillan AL, Sarkany I. Specific topical therapy for erythrasma. Br J Dermatol 1970;82:507–9.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 64  Tan E, Berth‐Jones J. Pitted keratolysis. In: Lebwohl M, Heymann WR, Berth‐Jones J, Coulson I, eds. Treatment of Skin Disease. Comprehensive Therapeutic Strategies. London: Mosby Harcourt, 2002:469–71.
• 65  Baptista A, Barros MA. Contact dermatitis from sodium fusidate. Contact Dermatitis 1990;23:186–7.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 66  Romaguera C, Grimalt F. Contact dermatitis to sodium fusidate. Contact Dermatitis 1985;12:176–7.
• 67  Heng YK, Tan KT, Sen P, et al. Staphylococcus aureus and topical fusidic acid use: results of a clinical audit on antimicrobial resistance. Int J Dermatol 2013;52:876–81.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 68  Holmes RC, Johns AN, Wilkinson JD, et al. Medicament contact dermatitis in patients with chronic inflammatory ear disease. J R Soc Med 1982;75:27–30.Pubmed link
• 69  Gollhausen R, Enders F, Przybilla B, et al. Trends in allergic contact sensitization. Contact Dermatitis 1988;18:147–54.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 70  Forstrom L, Pirila V, Pirila L. Cross‐sensitivity within the neomycin group of antibiotics. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 1979;59:67–9.Pubmed link
• 71  Aronson IK, Rumsfield JA, West EP, et al. Evaluation of topical metronidazole gel in acne rosacea. Drug Intell Clin Pharmacol 1987;21:346–51.
• 72  Erikson G, Nor CE. Impact of metronidazole on skin and colon microflora in patients with rosacea. Infection 1987;15:8–10.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 73  Witkowski JA, Parish LC. Topical metronidazole gel. The bacteriology of decubitus ulcers. Int J Dermatol 1991;30:660–1.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 74  Chain EB, Mellows C. Pseudomonic acid. Part 1. The structure of pseudomonic CID A: a novel antibiotic produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans 1977;1:294–309.Cross Ref link
• 75  Hughes J, Mellowes C. Interaction of pseudomonic acid A with Escherichia coli B isoleucyl t‐RNA synthetase. Biochem J 1980;191:209–10.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 76  White AR, Beale AS, Boon RJ, et al. Antibacterial activity of mupirocin, an antibiotic produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens. R Soc Med Int Congr Symp Ser 1984;80:43–55.
• 77  Lever R, Hadley K, Downey D, MacKie R. Staphylococcal colonisation in atopic dermatitis and the effect of topical mupirocin therapy. Br J Dermatol 1988;119:189–98.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 78  Mertz PM, Marshall DA, Eaglstein WH, et al. Topical mupirocin treatment of impetigo is equal to oral erythromycin therapy. Arch Dermatol 1989;125:1069–73.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 79  Dacre JE, Emmerson AM, Jenner EA. Nasal carriage of gentamicin and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus treated with topical pseudomonic acid. Lancet 1983;ii:1036.Cross Ref link
• 80  Menezes de Pádua CA, Schnuch A, Lessmann H, Geier J, Pfahlberg A, Uter W. Contact allergy to neomycin sulfate: results of a multifactorial analysis. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2005;14:725–33.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 81  Grandinetti PJ, Fowler JF Jr. Simultaneous contact allergy to neomycin, bacitracin, and polymyxin. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990;23:646–7.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 82  Berger RS, Pappert AS, Van Zile PS, Cetnarowski WE. A newly formulated topical triple‐antibiotic ointment minimizes scarring. Cutis 2000;65:401–4.Pubmed link
• 83  Yan K, Madden L, Choudhry AE, et al. Biochemical characterization of the interactions of the novel pleuromutilin derivative retapamulin with bacterial ribosomes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006;50:3875–81.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 84  Pankuch GA, Lin G, Hoellman DB, et al. Activity of retapamulin against Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus evaluated by agar dilution, microdilution, E‐test, and disk diffusion methodologies. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006;50:1727–30.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 85  Goldstein EJ, Citron DM, Merriam CV, et al. Comparative in vitro activities of retapamulin (SB‐275833) against 141 clinical isolates of Propionibacterium spp., including 117 P. acnes isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006;50:379–81.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 86  Odou MF, Muller C, Calvet L, Dubreuil L. In vitro activity against anaerobes of retapamulin, a new topical antibiotic for treatment of skin infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007;59:646–51.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 87  Oranje AP, Chosidow O, Sacchidanand S, et al. Topical retapamulin ointment, 1%, versus sodium fusidate ointment, 2%, for impetigo: a randomized, observer‐blinded, noninferiority study. Dermatology 2007;215:331–40.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 88  Free A, Roth E, Dalessandro M, et al. Retapamulin ointment twice daily for 5 days vs oral cephalexin twice daily for 10 days for empiric treatment of secondarily infected traumatic lesions of the skin. Skinmed 2006;5:224–32.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 89  Parish LC, Jorizzo JL, Breton JJ, et al. Topical retapamulin ointment (1%, wt/wt) twice daily for 5 days versus oral cephalexin twice daily for 10 days in the treatment of secondarily infected dermatitis: results of a randomized controlled trial. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;55:1003–13.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 90  Fox CL. Pharmacodynamics of sulfadiazine and related topical antimicrobial agents. In: Frost P, Gomez EC, Zaias N, eds. Recent Advances in Dermatopharmacology. New York: Spectrum, 1978:441–56.
• 91  Fox CL. Silver sulfadiazide: a new topical therapy for Pseudomonas in burns. Arch Surg 1978;96:184–8.Cross Ref link
• 92  Delaveau P, Friedrich‐Nove P. Absorption cutanée et l'elimination urinaire d'une combinaison sulfadiazine‐argent utilisée dans le traitement de brûlures. Therapie 1977;32:563–72.Pubmed link

Antifungal agents

• 93  Crawford F, Hollis S. Topical treatments for fungal infections of the skin and nails of the foot. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;(3):CD001434.Pubmed link
• 94  Mukherjee PK, Leidich SD, Isham N, et al. Clinical Trichophyton rubrum strain exhibiting primary resistance to terbinafine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47:82–6.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 95  Jones BM, Geary I, Lee ME, Duerden BI. Comparison of the in vitro activities of fenticonazole, other imidazoles, metronidazole, and tetracycline against organisms associated with bacterial vaginosis and skin infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989;33:970–2.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 96  Alston SJ, Cohen BA, Braun M. Persistent and recurrent tinea corporis in children treated with combination antifungal/corticosteroid agents. Pediatrics 2003;111:201–3.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 97  Bohn M, Kraemer KT. Dermatopharmacology of ciclopirox nail lacquer topical solution 8% in the treatment of onychomycosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;43:S55–69.Cross Ref link
• 98  Battistini F, Cordero C, Urcuyo FG, et al. The treatment of dermatophytoses of the glabrous skin: a comparison of undecylenic acid and its salt versus tolnaftate. Int J Dermatol 1983;22:388–9.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 99  Fuerst JF, Cox GF, Weaver SM, Duncan WC. Comparison between undecylenic acid and tolnaftate in the treatment of tinea pedis. Cutis 1980;25:544–6, 549.Pubmed link
• 100  Gooskens V, Ponnighaus JM, Clayton Y, et al. Treatment of superficial mycoses in the tropics: Whitfield's ointment versus clotrimazole. Int J Dermatol 1994;33:738–42.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 101  Kligman AM, Leyden JJ, Stewart R. New uses for benzoyl peroxide: a broad‐spectrum antimicrobial agent. Int J Dermatol 1977;16:413–17.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 102  Fredriksson T, Faergemann J. Double‐blind comparison of zinc‐pyrithione shampoo and its shampoo base, in the treatment of tinea versicolor. Cutis 1981;31:436–7.
• 103  Sanchez JL, Torres VM. Double‐blind efficacy study of selenium sulfide in tinea versicolor. J Am Acad Dermatol 1984;11:235–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link

Antiviral agents

• 104  Kawana R, Kitamura T, Nakagomi O. Inactivation of human viruses by povidone‐iodine in comparison with other antiseptics. Dermatology 1997;195(Suppl. 2):29–35.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 105  Simmons A. An open‐label study conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Betadine cold sore paint. Dermatology 1997;195(Suppl. 2):85–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 106  Wagstaff AJ, Faulds D, Goa KL. Aciclovir. A reappraisal of its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs 1994;47:153–205.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 107  Gibson JR, Klaber MR, Harvey SG, et al. Prophylaxis against herpes labialis with acyclovir cream: a placebo‐controlled study. Dermatologica 1986;172:104–7.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 108  Maiti H, Hayl KR. Treatment of condyloma accuminata with podophyllin resin. Practitioner 1985;229:37–9.Pubmed link
• 109  Petersen CS, Agner T, Ottevanger V, Larsen J, Ravnborg L. A single‐blind study of podophyllotoxin cream 0.5% and podophyllotoxin solution 0.5% in male patients with genital warts. Genitourin Med 1995;71:391–2.Pubmed link
• 110  Gilson RJ, Ross J, Maw R, Rowen D, Sonnex C, Lacey CJ. A multicentre, randomised, double‐blind, placebo controlled study of cryotherapy versus cryotherapy and podophyllotoxin cream as treatment for external anogenital warts. Sex Transm Infect 2009;85:514–19.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 111  Meadows KP, Tyring SK, Pavia AT, Rallis TM. Resolution of recalcitrant molluscum contagiosum virus lesions in human immunodeficiency virus‐infected patients treated with cidofovir. Arch Dermatol 1997;133:987–90.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 112  Baxter KF, Highet AS. Topical cidofovir and cryotherapy: combination treatment for recalcitrant molluscum contagiosum in a patient with HIV infection. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2004;18:230–1.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 113  Field S, Irvine AD, Kirby B. The treatment of viral warts with topical cidofovir 1%: our experience of seven paediatric patients. Br J Dermatol 2009;160:223–4.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 114  Padilla España L, Del Boz J, Fernández Morano T, Arenas‐Villafranca J, de Troya M. Successful treatment of periungual warts with topical cidofovir. Dermatol Ther 2014;27:337–42.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 115  Sims CR, Thompson K, Chemaly RF, et al. Oral topical cidofovir: novel route of drug delivery in a severely immunosuppressed patient with refractory multidrug‐resistant herpes simplex virus infection. Transpl Infect Dis 2007;9:256–9.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 116  Muluneh B, Dean A, Armistead P, Khan T. Successful clearance of cutaneous acyclovir‐resistant, foscarnet‐refractory herpes virus lesions with topical cidofovir in an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant patient. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2013;19:181–5.Cross Ref linkPubmed link

Antiparasitic agents

• 117  Downs AM, Stafford KA, Hunt LP, et al. Widespread insecticide resistance in head lice to the over‐the‐counter pediculocides in England, and the emergence of carbaryl resistance. Br J Dermatol 2002;146:88–93.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 118  Taplin D, Meinking TL. Permethrin. In: Elsner P, Eichmann A, eds. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment. Current Problems in Dermatology Vol. 24. Basel: Karger, 1996:255–60.
• 119  Taplin D, Meinking TL, Porcelain SL, et al. Permethrin 5% dermal cream: a new treatment for scabies. J Am Acad Dermatol 1986;15:995–1001.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 120  Cox NH. Permethrin for scabies: importance of the correct formulation. BMJ 2000;320:37–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 121  Burgess IF, Brown CM, Lee PN. Treatment of head louse infestation with 4% dimeticone lotion: randomised controlled equivalence trial. BMJ 2005;330:1423.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 122  Crump A, Ōmura S. Ivermectin, ‘wonder drug’ from Japan: the human use perspective. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci 2011;87:13–28.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 123  Youssef MY, Sadaka HA, Eissa MM, et al. Topical application of ivermectin for human ectoparasites. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1995;53:652–3.Pubmed link
• 124  Glaziou P, Cartel JL, Alzeiu P, et al. Comparison of ivermectin and benzyl benzoate for treatment of scabies. Trop Med Parasitol 1993;44:331–2.Pubmed link
• 125  Pariser DM, Meinking TL, Bell M, Ryan WG. Topical 0.5% ivermectin lotion for treatment of head lice. N Engl J Med 2012;367:1687–93.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 126  Victoria J, Trujillo R. Topical ivermectin: a new successful treatment for scabies. Pediatr Dermatol 2001;18:63–5.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 127  Forstinger C, Kittler H, Binder M. Treatment of rosacea‐like demodicidosis with oral ivermectin and topical permethrin cream. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999;41:775–7.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 128  Stein L, Kircik L, Fowler J, et al. Efficacy and safety of ivermectin 1% cream in treatment of papulopustular rosacea: results of two randomized, double‐blind, vehicle‐controlled pivotal studies. J Drugs Dermatol 2014;13:316–23.Pubmed link
• 129  Taieb A, Ortonne JP, Ruzicka T, et al. Superiority of ivermectin 1% cream over metronidazole 0.75% cream in treating inflammatory lesions of rosacea: a randomized, investigator‐blinded trial. Br J Dermatol 2015;172:1103–10.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 130  Franz TJ, Lehman PA, Franz SF, et al. Comparative percutaneous absorption of lindane and permethrin. Arch Dermatol 1996;132:901–5.Cross Ref linkPubmed link

Topical corticosteroids

• 131  Sulzberger MB, Witten VH. The effect of topically applied compound F in selected dermatoses. J Invest Dermatol 1952;19:101–2.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 132  Carson‐Jurica MA, Schrader WT, O'Malley BW. Steroid receptor family: structure and functions. Endocr Rev 1990;11:201–20.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 133  Marks R, Pongsehirun D, Saylan T. A method for the assay of topical corticosteroids. Br J Dermatol 1973;88:69–74.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 134  McKenzie AW, Stoughton RB. Method for comparing percutaneous absorption of steroids. Arch Dermatol 1962;86:608–10.Cross Ref link
• 135  Barry BW, Woodford R. Activity and bioavailability of topical steroids. In vivo/in vitro correlations for the vasoconstrictor test. J Clin Pharm 1978;3:43–65.
• 136  Barry BW, Woodford R. Comparative bio‐availability and activity of proprietary topical corticosteroid preparations: vasoconstrictor assays on thirty‐one ointments. Br J Dermatol 1975;93:563–71.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 137  Lebwohl M, Heymann WR, Berth‐Jones J, Coulson I, eds. Treatment of Skin Disease. Comprehensive Therapeutic Strategies, 4th edn. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders, 2014.
• 138  Gehring U. The structure of glucocorticoid receptors. J Steroid Biochem Molec Biol 1993;45:183–90.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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Calcineurin inhibitors

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• 195  De Paulis A, Stellato C, Cirillo R, et al. Antiinflammatory effect of FK‐506 on human skin mast cells. J Invest Dermatol 1992;99:723–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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Retinoids

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• 300  Chandraratna RA. Tazarotene: first of a new generation of receptor‐selective retinoids. Br J Dermatol 1996;135(Suppl. 49):18–25.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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Vitamin D analogues (deltanoids, secosteroids)

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• 370  Rizova E, Corroller M. Topical calcitriol: studies on local tolerance and systemic safety. Br J Dermatol 2001;144(Suppl. 58):3–10.Pubmed link
• 371  Langner A, Stapor W, Ambroziak M. Efficacy and tolerance of topical calcitriol 3 μg g⁻¹ in psoriasis treatment: a review of our experience in Poland. Br J Dermatol 2001;144(Suppl. 58):11–16.Pubmed link
• 372  Hutchinson PE, Marks R, White J. The efficacy safety and tolerance of calcitriol 3 μg/g ointment in the treatment of plaque psoriasis: a comparison with short‐contact dithranol. Dermatology 2000;201:139–45.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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• 375  Kragballe K, Beck HI, Sogaard H. Improvement of psoriasis by a topical vitamin D₃ analogue (MC903) in a double‐blind study. Br J Dermatol 1988;119:223–30.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 376  Kragballe K. Treatment of psoriasis by the topical application of the novel cholecalciferol analogue calcipotriol (MC903). Arch Dermatol 1989;125:1647–52.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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• 378  Oranje AP, Marcoux D, Svensson A, et al. Topical calcipotriol in childhood psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;36:203–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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