Part 2, Reference for Chapter 19: Principles of Systemic Therapy
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Introduction
- 1 Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) www.mhra.gov.uk (last accessed May 2015).
- 2 Principles for maximizing the safety of dermatologic drug therapy. In: Comprehensive Dermatological Drug Therapy, 3rd edn. London: Elsevier, 2013:12–20. .
Immunomodulatory drugs
Antihistamines
- 3 Antihistamines. In: Comprehensive Dermatological Drug Therapy, 3rd edn. London: Elsevier, 2013:343–52. .
- 4 British National Formulary (BNF) www.bnf.org (last accessed May 2015).
- 5 Guidelines for evaluation and management of urticaria in adults and children. Br J Dermatol 2007;157(6):1116–23. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 6 EAACI/GA(2)LEN/EDF/WAO guideline: management of urticaria. Allergy 2009;64(10):1427–43. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 7 Antihistamines: a brief review. Prof Nurse Today 2012;16(5):16–21. .
- 8 H1‐antihistamines: inverse agonism, anti‐inflammatory actions and cardiac effects. Clin Exp Allergy 2002;32(4):489–98. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 9 Hypersensitivity to antihistamines. Allergy Asthma Proc 2013;34(6):488–96. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 10 electronic Medicines Compendium (eMC) http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/ (last accessed May 2015).
Antimalarial agents
- 11 British National Formulary (BNF) www.bnf.org (last accessed May 2015).
- 12 Long‐term effectiveness of antimalarial drugs in rheumatic diseases. Ann Rheum Dis 1998;57:582–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 13 New concepts in antimalarial use and mode of action in dermatology. Dermatol Ther 2007;20(4):160–74. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 14 Re‐evaluation of antimalarials in treating rheumatic diseases: re‐appreciation and insights into new mechanisms of action. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2011 May;23(3):278–81. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 15 Hydroxychloroquine protects the annexin A5 anticoagulant shield from disruption by antiphospholipid antibodies: evidence for a novel effect for an old antimalarial drug. Blood 2010;115:2292–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 16 Clinical efficacy and side effects of antimalarials in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:20–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 17 A Toll‐like receptor 9‐mediated pathway stimulates perilipin 3 (TIP47) expression and induces lipid accumulation in macrophages. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010;299:E593–E600. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 18 TLR9 blockade inhibits activation of diabetogenic CD8 +T cells and delays autoimmune diabetes. J Immunol 2010;184:5645–53. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 19 Clinical and pharmacogenetic influences on response to hydroxychloroquine in discoid lupus erythematosus: a retrospective cohort study. J Invest Dermatol 2011 Oct;131(10):1981–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 20 The role of antimalarials in the exacerbation of psoriasis: a systematic review. Am J Clin Dermatol 2006;7:249. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 21 Drug‐induced skin pigmentation: epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment. Am J Clin Dermatol 2001;2:253–62. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 22 Antimalarials. Dermatol Clin 2001;19:147–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 23 Ocular toxicity of hydroxychloroquine. Semin Ophthalmol 2008;23:201–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 24 Hydrochloroquine retinopathy: characteristic presentation with review of screening. Clin Rheumatol 2013 Jun;32(6):895–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 25 Retinal toxicity associated with hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine: risk factors, screening, and progression despite cessation of therapy. Arch Ophthalmol 2011 Jan;129(1):30–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 26 Revised recommendations on screening for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine retinopathy. Ophthalmology 2011 Feb;118(2):415–22. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 27 Rates and predictors of hydroxychloroquine retinal toxicity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2010;62:775–84. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 28 Hydroxychloroquine‐induced retinopathy: a dermatologic perspective. Am J Clin Dermatol 2006;7(3):171–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 29 The Royal College of Ophthalmologists. Hydroxychloroquine and Ocular Toxicity: Recommendations on Screening, 2009 www.rcophth.ac.uk (last accessed May 2015).
- 30 Antimalarial therapy for lupus erythematosus: an apparent advantage of quinacrine. Int J Dermatol 1981;20: 57–61. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 31 Discontinuation of antimalarial drugs in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 1999;26:808–15. Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 32 The cardiac safety of chloroquine phosphate treatment in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. The influence on arrhythmia, heart rate variability and repolarization parameters. Lupus 2006;15:521–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 33 electronic Medicines Compendium (eMC) www.medicines.org.uk/emc (last accessed May 2015).
- 34 Antimalarial agents. In: Comprehensive Dermatological Drug Therapy, 3rd edn. London: Elsevier, 2013:241–51. , .
- 35 British Association of Dermatologists information leaflet on Mepacrine, www.bad.org.uk/for‐the‐public/patient‐information‐leaflets/mepacrine#.VGi‐4ChnHFI (last accessed May 2015).
- 36 Response to antimalarial agents in cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a prospective analysis. Arch Dermatol 2011;147(11):1261–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 37 Practice gaps. Optimizing antimalarial therapy for cutaneous lupus erythematosus: comment on “Response to antimalarial agents in cutaneous lupus erythematosus”. Arch Dermatol 2011;147(11):1267–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 38 BSR/BHPR guideline for disease‐modifying anti‐rheumatic drug (DMARD) therapy in consultation with the British Association of Dermatologists. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008 Jun;47(6):924–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
Azathioprine
- 39 Azathioprine. In: Comprehensive Dermatological Drug Therapy, 3rd edn. London: Elsevier, 2013; 182–9. , .
- 40 electronic Medicines Compendium (eMC) http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/ (last accessed May 2015).
- 41 Azathioprine: old drug, new actions. J Clin Invest 2003;111(8):1122–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 42 The importance of methyl‐ thio‐IMP for methylmercaptopurine ribonucleoside (Me‐MPR) cytotoxicity in Molt F4 human malignant T‐lymphoblasts. Biochim Biophys Acta 1993;1181:189–94. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 43 CD28‐dependent Rac1 activation is the molecular target of azathioprine in primary human CD4+ T lymphocytes. J Clin Invest 2003;111:1133–45. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 44 Reviewing the mechanism of action of thiopurine drugs: towards a new paradigm in clinical practice. Med Sci Monit 2004;10(11):RA247–54. Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 45 Pharmacogenomics and metabolite measurement for 6‐mercaptopurine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2000;118:705–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 46 British Association of Dermatologists' guidelines for the safe and effective prescribing of azathioprine 2011. Br J Dermatol 2011;165(4):711–34. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 47 Adverse drug reactions to azathioprine therapy are associated with polymorphism in the gene encoding inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase (ITPase). Pharmacogenetics 2004;14:181–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 48 Drug‐induced malignancy. In: Comprehensive Dermatological Drug Therapy, 3rd edn. London: Elsevier, 2013;701–10. .
- 49 Are we giving azathioprine too much time? World J Gastroenterol 2008 Sep 28;14(36):5519–22. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 50 Involvement of oxidative stress and immune‐ and inflammation‐related factors in azathioprine‐induced liver injury. Toxicol Lett 2014;224(2):215–24. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 51 Review article: the association between nodular regenerative hyperplasia, inflammatory bowel disease and thiopurine therapy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013;38(9):1025–37. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 52 The cutaneous and systemic manifestations of azathioprine hypersensitivity syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011;65(1):184–91. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 53 Azathioprine hypersensitivity presenting as cardiogenic shock and Sweet's syndrome in a patient with microscopic polyangiitis. Intern Med 2012;51(14):1889–92. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 54 Azathioprine hypersensitivity presenting as a neutrophilic dermatosis in a man with ulcerative colitis. Australas J Dermatol 2009 Feb;50(1):48–51. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 55 Azathioprine hypersensitivity presenting as sweet syndrome in a child with ulcerative colitis. Indian Pediatr 2011;48(12):969–71. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 56 The effects of immunosuppressive and anti‐inflammatory medications on fertility, pregnancy, and lactation. Arch Intern Med 2000;160(5):610–19. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 57 British National Formulary www.bnf.org (last accessed May 2015).
Ciclosporin
- 58 The use of cyclosporine in dermatology: Part II. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010;63(6):949–72. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 59 electronic Medicines Compendium (eMC) 2014 http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/1307 (last accessed May 2015).
- 60 PharmGKB summary: cyclosporine and tacrolimus pathways. Pharmacogenet Genom 2013;23(10):22. Cross Ref link , , et al.
- 61 Calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxicity: a review and perspective of the evidence. Am J Nephrol 2013;37(6):602–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 62 Oral cyclosporin in psoriasis: a systematic review on treatment modalities, risk of kidney toxicity and evidence for use in non‐plaque psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2011;25:19–27. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 63 Squamous‐cell cancer of the skin in patients given PUVA and ciclosporin: nested cohort crossover study. Lancet 2001;358(9287):1042–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 64 Risk of malignancies in psoriasis patients treated with cyclosporine: a 5 y cohort study. J Invest Dermatol 2003;120 (2):211–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 65 Drug transfer to the fetus and to the breastfeeding infant: what do we know? Curr Drug Deliv 2012 Jul;9(4):350–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 66 EDF in cooperation with EADV and IPC. European S3 – Guidelines on the systemic treatment of psoriasis vulgaris. Update, 2015 http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=4&ved=0CDwQFjADahUKEwjboaLg1tjHAhWFbhQKHbYuB2Y&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euroderm.org%2Fedf%2Findex.php%2Fedf‐guidelines%2Fcategory%2F5‐guidelines‐miscellaneous%3Fdownload%3D32%3Aguideline‐psoriasis&usg=AFQjCNHLF9cNLXl11ltPT51TyncHKtkoyQ (last accessed September 2015).
- 67 Grapefruit juice–drug interactions. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2004;58(7):S831–S40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 68 S3 – Guidelines on the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris (English version). Update. J Deutsch Dermatol Gesellsch 2012;10:S1–s95. Cross Ref link , , , et al.
Colchicine
- 69 Colchicine in clinical medicine. A guide for internists. Eur J Intern Med 2010;21(6):503–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 70 Miscellaneous systemic drugs: colchicine. In: Comprehensive Dermatological Drug Therapy, 3rd edn. London: Elsevier, 2013:429–30. , , , .
- 71 Colchicine: its mechanism of action and efficacy in crystal‐induced inflammation. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2008;10(3):218–27. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 72 Polymorphisms: why individual drug responses vary. In: Comprehensive Dermatological Drug Therapy, 3rd edn. London: Elsevier, 2013:21–33. , , .
- 73 Colchicine poisoning: the dark side of an ancient drug. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2010;48(5):407–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 74 British National Formulary (BNF) www.bnf.org (last accessed May 2015).
Dapsone
- 75 Dapsone. Dermatol Online J 2002;8(1):2. Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 76 A short history of dapsone, or an alternative model of drug development. J Hist Med Allied Sci 2011;66(4):425–67. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
- 77 Why dapsone stops seizures and may stop neutrophils' delivery of VEGF to glioblastoma. Br J Neurosurg 2012;26(6):813–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 78 Dapsone. In: Comprehensive Dermatological Drug Therapy, 3rd edn. London: Elsevier, 2013:228–40. , .
- 79 Dapsone and sulfones in dermatology: overview and update. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;45(3):420–34. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 80 Dapsone and sulfones in dermatology: overview and update. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;48(2):308–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 81 British National Formulary (BNF) www.bnf.org (last accessed May 2015).
- 82 The use of cimetidine to reduce dapsone‐dependent methaemoglobinaemia in dermatitis herpetiformis patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1992;34(3):244–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 83 Cimetidine improves the therapeutic/toxic ratio of dapsone in patients on chronic dapsone therapy. Br J Dermatol 1995;132(2):257–62. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 84 Improvement of patient tolerance to dapsone: current and future developments. Dermatol Online J 2007;13(4):18. Pubmed link .
- 85 Dapsone‐mediated agranulocytosis: risks, possible mechanisms and prevention. Toxicology 2001;162(1):53–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 86 How clinically relevant is dapsone‐related peripheral neuropathy? An overview of available data with emphasis on clinical recognition. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2010;3(3):19–21. Pubmed link .
- 87 Dapsone‐induced motor peripheral neuropathy in pemphigus foliaceus. Clin Exp Dermatol 1995;20(2):155–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 88 Anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy associated with Dapsone. Eye (Lond) 2006;20(8):943–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 89 Hypersensitivity reactions to dapsone: a systematic review. Acta Derm Venereol 2012;92(2):194–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 90 The Dapsone hypersensitivity syndrome revisited: a potentially fatal multisystem disorder with prominent hepatopulmonary manifestations. J Occup Med Toxicol 2006; 6:1–9. , , , , .
- 91 HLA‐B*13:01 and the dapsone hypersensitivity syndrome. N Engl J Med 2013;369(17):1620–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 92 Reinstatement of dapsone following hypersensitivity. Acta Derm Venereol 2003;83(4):314–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 93 Alternative procedure to allow continuation of dapsone therapy despite serious adverse reaction in a case of dapsone‐sensitive erythema elevatum diutinum. Dermatology 2012;224(2):115–19. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 94 electronic Medicines Compendium (eMC) http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/ (last accessed May 2015).
Fumaric acid esters
- 95 The Complete Herbal. London: Wordsworth Editions, 2007.
- 96 Detection of metabolites of fumaric acid esters in human urine: implications for their mode of action. J Invest Dermatol 2008;129(1):231–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 97 Pharmacokinetics of oral fumarates in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2004;58(4):429–32. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 98 Fumaric acid and its esters: an emerging treatment for multiple sclerosis with antioxidative mechanism of action. Clin Immunol 2012;142(1):44–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 99 Pharmacokinetics of anti‐psoriatic fumaric acid esters in psoriasis patients. Arch Dermatol Res 2010;302(7):531–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 100 Fumarates improve psoriasis and multiple sclerosis by inducing type II dendritic cells. J Exp Med 2011;208(11):2291–303. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 101 Fumaric acid esters exert neuroprotective effects in neuroinflammation via activation of the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway. Brain 2011;134(3):678–92. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 102 Cerebellar manifestation of PML under fumarate and after efalizumab treatment of psoriasis. J Neurol 2014;261(5):1021–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 103 PML in a patient treated with dimethyl fumarate from a compounding pharmacy. N Engl J Med 2013;368(17):1658–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 104 PML in a patient treated with fumaric acid. N Engl J Med 2013;368(17):1657–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 105 S3 – Guidelines on the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris (English version). Update. J Deutsch Dermatol Gesellsch 2012;10:S1–S95. Cross Ref link , , , et al.
Systemic glucocorticoids
- 106 Systemic corticosteroids. In: Comprehensive Dermatological Drug Therapy, 3rd edn. London: Elsevier, 2013:143–68. .
- 107 British National Formulary (BNF) www.bnf.org (last accessed May 2015).
- 108 Intramuscular triamcinolone: a safe, effective and underutilized dermatologic therapy. J Drugs Dermatol 2009 Jun;8(6):580–5. Pubmed link .
- 109 Severe adverse cardiovascular effects of pulse steroid therapy: is continuous cardiac monitoring necessary? J Am Acad Dermatol 1994 May;30(5 Pt 1):768–73. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 110 A study of adverse effects of high‐dose intravenous (pulse) methylprednisolone therapy in patients with rheumatic disease. Ann Pharmacother 1992;26:316–20. Pubmed link , , .
- 111 Anti‐inflammatory glucocorticoids: Changing concepts. Eur J Pharmacol 2013 Jun 7, pii: S0014‐2999(13)00452‐4. .
- 112 Glucocorticoids in the treatment of rheumatic diseases: an update on the mechanisms of action. Arthritis Rheum 2004;18;50:3408–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 113 Antiinflammatory action of glucocorticoids – new mechanisms for old drugs. N Engl J Med 2005;353(16):1711–23. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 114 Glucocorticoids cause rapid dissociation of a T‐cell‐receptor‐associated protein complex containing LCK and FYN. EMBO Rep 2006;7(10):1023–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 115 It takes two to tango: dimerisation of glucocorticoid receptor and its anti‐inflammatory functions. Steroids 2013;78(1):59–68. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 116 New insights into the anti‐inflammatory mechanisms of glucocorticoids: an emerging role for glucocorticoid‐receptor‐mediated transactivation. Endocrinology 2013;154(3):993–1007. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 117 Single nucleotide polymorphisms and type of steroid impact the functional response of the human glucocorticoid receptor. J Surg Res 2013;180(1):27–34. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 118 BclI polymorphism of the glucocorticoid receptor gene is associated with increased bone resorption in patients on glucocorticoid replacement therapy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2013;78(6):831–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 119 Current concepts in glucocorticoid resistance. Steroids 2012;77(11):1041–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 120 Investigation of glucocorticoid receptor polymorphisms in relation to metabolic parameters in Addison's disease. Eur J Endocrinol 2013;168(3):403–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 121 Glucocorticoid receptor polymorphisms in major depression. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009;1179:216–28. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 122 Glucocorticoid receptor polymorphisms in major depression. Focus on glucocorticoid sensitivity and neurocognitive functioning. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009;1179:199–215. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 123 Glucocorticoid receptor polymorphism is associated with major depression and predominance of depression in the course of bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2011;134(1–3):138–44. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 124 The neuropsychiatric complications of glucocorticoid use: steroid psychosis revisited. Psychosomatics 2012;53(2):103–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 125 Steroid withdrawal syndrome during steroid tapering in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a controlled study comparing prednisone versus dexamethasone in induction phase. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2005;27(3):141–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 126 The steroid withdrawal syndrome: a review of the implications, etiology, and treatments. J Pain Symptom Manag 2007;33(2):224–8. Cross Ref link , , , .
- 127 Glucocorticoid resistance in inflammatory diseases. Lancet 2009 May 30;373(9678):1905–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 128 Current concepts in glucocorticoid resistance. Steroids 2012;77(11):1041–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 129 National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions (UK), Centre for Clinical Practice at NICE (UK). Tuberculosis: Clinical Diagnosis and Management of Tuberculosis, and Measures for Its Prevention and Control. London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (UK), 2011, Mar.
- 130 Glucocorticoid‐induced granulocytosis: contribution of marrow release and demargination of intravascular granulocytes. Circulation 1998;98(21):2307–713. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 131 Glucocorticoids. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2011;25(6):891–900. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
Hydroxycarbamide
- 132 electronic Medicines Compendium (eMC) http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/ (last accessed May 2015).
- 133 British National Formulary (BNF) www.bnf.org (last accessed May 2015).
- 134 Use of hydroxyurea in psoriasis. Clin Exp Dermatol 1999;24(1):2–6. Pubmed link .
- 135 Hydroxyurea as an alternative therapy for psoriasis. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2004;70(1):13–17. Pubmed link , , .
- 136 Cytotoxic agents. In: Comprehensive Dermatological Drug Therapy, 3rd edn. London: Elsevier, 2013:216–18. .
- 137 Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacogenetics of hydroxyurea treatment for children with sickle cell anemia. Blood 2011;118(18):4985–91. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 138 Hydroxycarbamide: clinical aspects. C R Biol 2013;336(3):177–82. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 139 Leg ulcers in elderly on hydroxyurea: a single center experience in Ph‐myeloproliferative disorders and review of literature. Aging Clin Exp Res 2006;18:187–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 140 Dermatomyositis‐like eruption with long‐term hydroxyurea. J Dermatolog Treat 2006;17:59. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 141 Hydroxyurea‐induced dermatomyositis‐like eruption. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;48:439. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 142 Dermatomyositis induced by drug therapy: a review of case reports. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008;18;59:872–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 143 Lichenoid chronic graft‐versus‐host disease‐like acrodermatitis induced by hydroxyurea. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;45:321–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 144 Hydroxyurea‐induced lupus erythematosus. Br J Dermatol 1994;130:687–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , ,
- 145 Longitudinal melanonychia induced by hydroxyurea: four case reports and review of the literature. Nouv Rev Fr Hematol 1995;37(3):205–10. Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 146 Nail pigmentation caused by hydroxyurea: report of 9 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;47:146–47. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 147 Hydroxyurea‐induced melanonychia concomitant with a dermatomyositis‐like eruption. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;49(2):339–41. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 148 Cutaneous carcinoma during long‐term hydroxyurea therapy: a report of 5 cases. Arch Dermatol 1996;132:1395–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 149 Multiple skin cancers associated with hydroxyurea therapy. Mayo Clin Proc 1998;73:961–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 150 Hydroxyurea‐associated squamous dysplasia. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004;51:293–300. Cross Ref link Pubmed link ,
- 151 Hydroxyurea associated with concomitant occurrence of diffuse longitudinal melanonychia and multiple squamous cell carcinomas in an elderly subject. Clin Ther 2008;30:1324–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , ,
Methotrexate
- 152 Methotrexate. In: Comprehensive Dermatological Drug Therapy, 3rd edn. London: Elsevier, 2013:169–81. , .
- 153 Understanding the mechanisms of action of methotrexate: implications for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Bull NYU Hosp Jt Dis 2007;65(3):168–73. Pubmed link , .
- 154 Hepatic parenchymal cell glutamylation of methotrexate studied in monolayer culture. Cancer Res 1986 Feb;46(2):670–5. Pubmed link , , .
- 155 Low‐dose methotrexate: a mainstay in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Pharmacol Rev 2005;57(2):163–72. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 156 The reduced folate carrier (SLC19A1) c.80G>A polymorphism is associated with red cell folate concentrations among women. Ann Hum Genet 2009;73:484–91. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 157 Metaanalysis of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) polymorphisms affecting methotrexate toxicity. J Rheumatol 2009;36(3):539–45. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 158 Impact of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) polymorphisms on methotrexate‐induced toxicities in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a meta‐analysis. Tumour Biol 2012 Oct;33(5):1445–54. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 159 Influence of folate pathway polymorphisms on high‐dose methotrexate‐related toxicity and survival in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2012 Jun;53(6):1096–104. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 160 Gene polymorphisms in folate metabolizing enzymes in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia: effects on methotrexate‐related toxicity and survival. Haematologica 2009;94(10):1391–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 161 Methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase gene polymorphisms and their association with methotrexate toxicity: a meta‐analysis. Pharmacogenet Genom 2012 Feb;22(2):117–33. Cross Ref link , , , .
- 162 Association of the TYMS 3G/3G genotype with poor response and GGH 354GG genotype with the bone marrow toxicity of the methotrexate in RA patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2013 Mar;69(3):377–83. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 163 C677T and A1298C polymorphisms of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene: effect on methotrexate‐related toxicity in adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2013 Mar;24(2):181–8. Pubmed link , .
- 164 Influence of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene polymorphisms on the outcome of pediatric patients with non‐Hodgkin lymphoma treated with high‐dose methotrexate. Leuk Lymphoma 2013 Dec;54(12):2639–44. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 165 A miR‐24 microRNA binding‐site polymorphism in dihydrofolate reductase gene leads to methotrexate resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007;104(33):13513–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 166 Polymorphisms in folate, pyrimidine, and purine metabolism are associated with efficacy and toxicity of methotrexate in psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 2007;127(8):1860–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 167 Outcomes of methotrexate therapy for psoriasis and relationship to genetic polymorphisms. Br J Dermatol 2009;160(2):438–41. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 168 Methotrexate and liver fibrosis in people with psoriasis: a systematic review of observational studies. Br J Dermatol 2014;171(1):17–29. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 169 Adenosine A(2A) receptors play a role in the pathogenesis of hepatic cirrhosis. Br J Pharmacol 2006;148(8):1144–55. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 170 Methotrexate‐induced liver cirrhosis. A follow‐up. Dermatologica 1987;175:178–82. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 171 Monitoring methotrexate‐induced hepatic fibrosis in patients with psoriasis: are serial liver biopsies justified? Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004;19:391–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 172 electronic Medicines Compendium (eMC). Methotrexate: summary of product characteristics www.medicines.org.uk/emc (last accessed May 2015).
- 173 Fatal methotrexate‐induced pneumonitis in a psoriatic patient. Mil Med 2004;169(4):298–300. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 174 Methotrexate‐induced pulmonary toxicity in psoriatic arthritis (PsA): case presentation and literature review. Clin Rheumatol 2011;30(10):1379–84. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 175 Pneumonitis complicating methotrexate therapy for pustular psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2001;15(3):247–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 176 Treatments for psoriasis and the risk of malignancy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009;60(6):1001–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 177 Folate supplementation during methotrexate therapy for patients with psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005;53(4):652–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 178 Folic acid supplementation during treatment of psoriasis with methotrexate: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Br J Dermatol 2006;154(6):1169–74. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 179 The effect of folic acid supplementation on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral methotrexate during remission‐induction period of treatment for moderate‐to‐severe plaque psoriasis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2008;64(4):347–55. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 180 British National Formulary (BNF) www.bnf.org (last accessed May 2015).
- 181 Diagnostic accuracy of noninvasive markers of liver fibrosis in patients with psoriasis taking methotrexate: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Br J Dermatol 2014;170(6):1237–47. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 182 Liver biopsies and methotrexate: a time for reconsideration. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;42:531–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 183 The value of amino‐terminal propeptide of type III procollagen in routine screening for methotrexate‐induced liver disease: a 10‐year follow‐up. Br J Dermatol 2001;143:100–3. Cross Ref link , , .
- 184 Assessment of methotrexate hepatotoxicity in psoriasis patients: a prospective evaluation of four serum fibrosis markers. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2013;27(8):1007–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 185 Serum hyaluronan – a non‐invasive test for diagnosing liver cirrhosis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2000;12(10):1121–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 186 Molecular serum markers of liver fibrosis. Biomark Insights 2012;7:105–17. Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 187 Performance of transient elastography for the staging of liver fibrosis: a meta‐analysis. Gastroenterology 2008;134(4):960–74. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
Mycophenolate mofetil
- 188 Mycophenolate mofetil and mycophenolic acid. In: Comprehensive Dermatological Drug Therapy, 3rd edn. London: Elsevier, 2013:190–8. , .
- 189 Mycophenolate mofetil in dermatology. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009;60(2):183–99. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 190 Mycophenolate mofetil. Dermatol Ther 2007;20(4):229–38. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 191 Mycophenolate mofetil and skin diseases. Lupus 2005;14(Suppl. 1):s58–s63. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 192 electronic Medicines Compendium (eMC) http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/ (last accessed May 2015).
- 193 Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of mycophenolate in patients with autoimmune disease. Clin Pharmacokinet 2013;52(5):303–31. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 194 IMP dehydrogenase: structure, mechanism, and inhibition. Chem Rev 2009;109(7):2903–28. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 195 Mycophenolate mofetil and its mechanisms of action. Immunopharmacology 2000;47(2–3):85–118. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 196 Mechanisms of action of mycophenolate mofetil. Lupus 2005;14 Suppl. 1:s2–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 197 Mechanisms of action of mycophenolate mofetil in preventing acute and chronic allograft rejection. Transplantation 2005;80(2 Suppl.):S181–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 198 Mycophenolate mofetil: An update. Drugs Today (Barc) 2009;45(7):521–32. Pubmed link , , .
- 199 Pharmacogenetic influences on mycophenolate therapy. Pharmacogenomics 2010;11(3):369–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 200 Acquired and reversible Pelger–Huet anomaly of polymorphonuclear neutrophils in three transplant patients receiving mycophenolate mofetil therapy. Am J Hematol 2003;73:244–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 201 Mycophenolate mofetil: effects on cellular immune subsets, infectious complications, and antimicrobial activity. Transpl Infect Dis 2009;11(4):290–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 202 Immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory therapy‐associated lymphoproliferative disorders. Semin Diagn Pathol 2013;30(2):102–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 203 In utero exposure to mycophenolate mofetil: a characteristic phenotype? Am J Med Genet A 2008;146A(1):1–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 204 Reviewing the evidence for mycophenolate mofetil as a new teratogen: case report and review of the literature. Am J Med Genet A 2009;149A(6):1241–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 205 Tetrada of the possible mycophenolate mofetil embryopathy: a review. Reprod Toxicol 2009;28(1):105–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 206 An additional patient with mycophenolate mofetil embryopathy: cardiac and facial analyses. Am J Med Genet A 2011;155A(4):748–56. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 207 Mycophenolate fetal toxicity and risk evaluation and mitigation strategies. Am J Transplant 2013;13(6):1383–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 208 British National Formulary (BNF) www.bnf.org (last accessed May 2015).
Potassium iodide
- 209 Miscellaneous systemic drugs: potassium iodide. In: Comprehensive Dermatological Drug Therapy, 3rd edn. London: Elsevier, 2013:435–7. , , , .
- 210 Potassium iodide in dermatology: a 19th century drug for the 21st century–uses, pharmacology, adverse effects, and contraindications. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;43(4):691–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 211 Potassium iodide in dermatology. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2012;78(3):390–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 212 Potassium iodide and the Wolff–Chaikoff effect: relevance for the dermatologist. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;42(3):490–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 213 Iodine excess. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;24(1):107–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 214 Antifungal drugs in pregnancy: a review. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2003;2(5):475–83. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
Biological therapies (protein therapeutics)
- 215 Cytokine storm in a phase 1 trial of the anti‐CD28 monoclonal antibody TGN1412. N Engl J Med 2006;355(10):1018–28. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 216 Successful treatment of moderate to severe plaque psoriasis with the PEGylated Fab′ certolizumab pegol: results of a phase II randomized, placebo‐controlled trial with a re‐treatment extension. Br J Dermatol 2012;167(1):180–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 217 Golimumab, a new human tumor necrosis factor α antibody, administered every four weeks as a subcutaneous injection in psoriatic arthritis: Twenty‐four‐week efficacy and safety results of a randomized, placebo‐controlled study. Arthritis Rheum 2009;60(4):976–86. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 218 Case series demonstrating improvement in chronic cutaneous sarcoidosis following treatment with tnf inhibitors. Arch Dermatol 2012;148(9):1097–100. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 219 The treatment of lupus pernio: Results of 116 treatment courses in 54 patients. CHEST Journal 2009;135(2):468–76. Cross Ref link , , , .
- 220 Innovative uses of tumor necrosis factor α inhibitors. Dermatol Clin 2010;28(3):559–75. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 221 Monoclonal antibody pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2008;84(5):548–58. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 222 Immunogenicity of anti‐TNF biologic therapies for rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2013;9(3):164–72. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 223 The immunogenicity of anti‐TNF therapy in immune‐mediated inflammatory diseases: a systematic review of the literature with a meta‐analysis. Ann Rheum Dis 2013;72(12):1947–55. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 224 The British Association of Dermatologists’ Biologic Interventions Register (BADBIR): design, methodology and objectives. Br J Dermatol 2012;166(3):545–54. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 225 National Registries of Systemic Treatment for Psoriasis and the European ‘Psonet’ Initiative. Dermatology 2009;218(4):347–56. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 226 OBSERVE‐5 interim analysis: An observational postmarketing safety registry of etanercept for the treatment of psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013;68(5):756–64. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 227 Risk of serious adverse events associated with biologic and nonbiologic psoriasis systemic therapy: Patients ineligible vs eligible for randomized controlled trials. Arch Dermatol 2012;148(4):463–70. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 228 Emerging data on the use of anti‐tumor necrosis factor‐alpha medications in pregnancy. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2012;94(8):607–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 229 Public Health England. TB guidelines and key documents, cited 2014 May http://www.hpa.org.uk/Topics/InfectiousDiseases/InfectionsAZ/Tuberculosis/Guidelines/TBGuid01Guidelines/ (last accessed May 2015).
- 230 British Association of Dermatologists' guidelines for biologic interventions for psoriasis 2009. Br J Dermatol 2009;161(5):987–1019. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 231 Guselkumab (an IL‐23–specific mAb) demonstrates clinical and molecular response in patients with moderate‐to‐severe psoriasis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014;133(4):1032–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 232 Anti‐IL‐17 phase II data for psoriasis: A review. J Dermatol Treat 2015 Feb;26(1)32–6. Cross Ref link , , , et al.
- 233 Ustekinumab: a review of its use in psoriatic arthritis. Drugs 2014;74(9):1029–39. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 234 Efficacy of ustekinumab in refractory palmoplantar pustular psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 2013;168(4):820–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 235 Increased expression of IL‐17A and limited involvement of IL‐23 in patients with palmo‐plantar (PP) pustular psoriasis or PP pustulosis; results from a randomised controlled trial. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2014 Oct;28(10):1298–305. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 236 Population pharmacokinetic modeling of ustekinumab, a human monoclonal antibody targeting IL‐12/23p40, in patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis. J Clin Pharmacol 2009;49(2):162–75. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 237 From the Medical Board of the National Psoriasis Foundation: The risk of cardiovascular disease in individuals with psoriasis and the potential impact of current therapies. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014;70(1):168–77. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 238 Long‐term safety of ustekinumab for psoriasis. Exp Opin Drug Saf 2013;12(5):757–65. Cross Ref link , , , .
- 239 European S3 – Guidelines on the systemic treatment of psoriasis vulgaris. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2009;23:1–70. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 240 One‐year safety and efficacy of ustekinumab and results of dose adjustment after switching from inadequate methotrexate treatment: the TRANSIT randomized trial in moderate‐to‐severe plaque psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 2014;170(2):435–44. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 241 Efficacy and safety of ustekinumab, a human interleukin‐12/23 monoclonal antibody, in patients with psoriasis: 52‐week results from a randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial (PHOENIX 2). Lancet 2008:371(9625):1675–84. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 242 Treating inflammation by blocking interleukin‐1 in a broad spectrum of diseases. Nature Rev Drug Discov 2012;11(8):633–52. Cross Ref link , , .
- 243 Sustained efficacy of the monoclonal anti‐interleukin‐1 beta antibody canakinumab in a 9‐month trial in Schnitzler's syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 2013;72(10):1634–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 244 DIRA, DITRA, and new insights into pathways of skin inflammation: What's in a name? Arch Dermatol 2012;148(3):381–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 245 Risk of serious infections during rituximab, abatacept and anakinra treatments for rheumatoid arthritis: meta‐analyses of randomised placebo‐controlled trials. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68(1):25–32. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 246 Pharmacokinetics of anakinra in subjects with different levels of renal function. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2003;74(1):85–94. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 247 Use of canakinumab in the cryopyrin‐associated periodic syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(23):2416–25. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 248 electronic Medicines Compendium (eMC). Ilaris 150 mg powder for solution for injection, 2014, cited 2014 August http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/22718 (last accessed May 2015).
- 249 B cells: depletion or functional modulation in rheumatic diseases. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2014;26(2):228–36. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 250 Anti‐B cell antibody therapies for inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Ann Rev Med 2014;65(1):263–78. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 251 electronic Medicines Compendium (eMC). SPC Mabthera, 2014, cited 2014 August http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/2570 (last accessed May 2015).
- 252 BSR and BHPR guideline for the management of adults with ANCA‐associated vasculitis. Rheumatology 2014 Dec;53(12):2306–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 253 Are autoantibodies the targets of B‐cell‐directed therapy? Nat Rev Rheumatol 2011;7(9):551–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 254 BSR and BHPR guidelines on the use of rituximab in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology 2011;50(12):2311–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 255 Evidence‐based guidelines for laboratory screening for infectious diseases before initiation of systemic immunosuppressive agents in patients with autoimmune bullous dermatoses. Br J Dermatol 2014;171(6):1307–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 256 The BAFF/APRIL system in SLE pathogenesis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2014;10(6):365–73. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 257 Efficacy and safety of atacicept for prevention of flares in patients with moderate‐to‐severe systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): 52‐week data (APRIL‐SLE randomised trial). Ann Rheum Dis 2014;Jun 20 (epub ahead of print). , , , et al.
- 258 The EAACI/GA2LEN/EDF/WAO guideline for the definition, classification, diagnosis, and management of urticaria: the 2013 revision and update. Allergy 2014;69(7):868–87. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 259 Omalizumab therapy in atopic dermatitis: depletion of IgE does not improve the clinical course – a randomized, placebo‐controlled and double blind pilot study. J Deutsch Dermatol Gesellsch 2010;8(12):990–8. , , , et al.
- 260 Anti‐IgE therapy and severe atopic dermatitis: A pediatric perspective. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013;69(5):832–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 261 Omalizumab for asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;1:CD003559. Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 262 Biochemical comparison of four commercially available C1 esterase inhibitor concentrates for treatment of hereditary angioedema. Transfusion 2014;54(10):2566–73. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 263 A focused parameter update: Hereditary angioedema, acquired C1 inhibitor deficiency, and angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor–associated angioedema. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013;131(6):1491‐3.e25. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy
- 264 electronic Medicines Compendium (eMC). Mabthera 100mg and 500mg concentrate for solution for infusion, 2014 http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/ (last accessed May 2015).
- 265 Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy. In: Comprehensive Dermatological Drug Therapy, 3rd edn. London: Elsevier, 2013:389–96. , .
- 266 Anti‐inflammatory actions of intravenous immunoglobulin. Annu Rev Immunol 2008;26:513–33. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 267 Mechanisms of action of intravenous immunoglobulins. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010;6(3):425–34. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 268 The other side of immunoglobulin G: suppressor of inflammation. Clin Exp Immunol 2010;160(2):161–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 269 A novel role for the IgG Fc glycan: the anti‐inflammatory activity of sialylated IgG Fcs. J Clin Immunol 2010;30 Suppl. 1:S9–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 270 Immunomodulation by intravenous immunoglobulin: role of regulatory T cells. J Clin Immunol 2010;30 Suppl. 1:S4–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 271 Cell death modulation by intravenous immunoglobulin. J Clin Immunol 2010;30 Suppl. 1:S24–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 272 Intravenous gammaglobulin suppresses inflammation through a novel T(H)2 pathway. Nature 2011;475(7354):110–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 273 Regulation of immunity and inflammation by intravenous immunoglobulin: relevance to solid organ transplantation. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2011;7(3):341–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 274 The role of sialic acid as a modulator of the anti‐inflammatory activity of IgG. Semin Immunopathol 2012;34(3):443–53. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 275 Intravenous immunoglobulin: exploiting the potential of natural antibodies. Autoimmun Rev 2012;11(11):792–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 276 Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy: how does IgG modulate the immune system? Nat Rev Immunol 2013;13(3):176–89. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 277 ITPKC and CASP3 polymorphisms and risks for IVIG unresponsiveness and coronary artery lesion formation in Kawasaki disease. Pharmacogenom J 2013;13(1):52–9. Cross Ref link , , , et al.
- 278 Intravenous immunoglobulin: adverse effects and safe administration. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2005;29(3):173–84. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 279 Frequency of adverse events associated with intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in patients with pemphigus or pemphigoid. Ann Pharmacother 2007;41(10):1604–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 280 Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in autoimmune mucocutaneous blistering diseases: a review of the evidence for its efficacy and safety. Am J Clin Dermatol 2010;11(5):315–26. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 281 Special considerations with the use of intravenous immunoglobulin in older persons. Drugs Aging 2011;28(9):729–36. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 282 Intravenous immunoglobulin induced‐nephropathy: a complication of IVIG therapy. J Nephrol 1998;11(3):157–61. Pubmed link .
- 283 Intravenous immunoglobulin‐associated acute renal failure: case series and literature review. Pharmacotherapy 2005;25(6):886–92. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 284 Intravenous immunoglobulins and acute renal failure: mechanism and prevention. Rev Med Intern 2007;28 Spec. No. 1:4–6. .
- 285 Osmotic nephrosis: acute kidney injury with accumulation of proximal tubular lysosomes due to administration of exogenous solutes. Am J Kidney Dis 2008;51(3):491–503. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 286 Hemolysis upon intravenous immunoglobulin transfusion. Transfus Apher Sci 2012;46(1):93–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 287 Venous and arterial thrombosis following administration of intravenous immunoglobulins. Blood Coagul Fibrinol 2005;16(5):313–18. Cross Ref link , , , et al.
- 288 Intravenous immunoglobulin‐associated arterial and venous thrombosis; report of a series and review of the literature. Br J Dermatol 2006;155(4):714–21. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 289 Analysis of thromboembolic risk related to high‐dose intravenous immunoglobulin treatment: a preliminary clinical study of 10 patients with autoimmune mucocutaneous blistering diseases. Clin Exp Dermatol 2009;34(2):145–50. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 290 Iatrogenic hyperviscosity and thrombosis. Semin Thromb Hemost 2012;38(8):854–64. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 291 Drug‐induced thrombosis: an update. Drug Saf 2013;36(8):585–603. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 292 Benefits and risks of IgA in immunoglobulin preparations. Transfus Apher Sci 2012;46(1):97–102. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 293 Drug‐induced aseptic meningitis: diagnosis and management. Drug Saf 2000;22(3):215–26. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 294 Adverse reactions and pathogen safety of intravenous immunoglobulin. Curr Drug Saf 2007;2(1):9–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
Systemic retinoids
- 295 Retinoic acid in the immune system. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008;1143:170–87. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 296 Retinoic acid‐dependent regulation of immune responses by dendritic cells and macrophages. Semin Immunol 2009;21(1):22–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 297 Retinoids as critical modulators of immune functions: new therapeutic perspectives for old compounds. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2009;9(2):113–31. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 298 Retinoids: mechanisms of action. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2010;137 Suppl. 3:S97–103. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 299 Systemic retinoids. In: Comprehensive Dermatological Drug Therapy, 3rd edn. London: Elsevier, 2013:252–68. , .
- 300 Retinoic acid signaling pathways in development and diseases. Bioorg Med Chem 2014;22(2):673–83. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 301 Skin cancer in immunosuppressed patients. Facial Plast Surg 2013;29(5):402–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 302 electronic Medicines Compendium (eMC) http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/ (last accessed May 2015).
- 303 Retinoic acid receptor modulators: a perspective on recent advances and promises. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2011;21(1):55–63. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 304 Interaction between genetic control of vascular endothelial growth factor production and retinoid responsiveness in psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 2006;126(2):453–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 305 Pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics of 13‐cis‐retinoic acid in the treatment of neuroblastoma. Therapie 2007;62(2):91–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 306 Pharmacogenetic model of retinoic acid‐induced dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. Pharmacogenomics 2009;10(12):1915–27. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 307 Pharmacogenetics of topical and systemic treatment of psoriasis. Pharmacogenomics 2013;14(13):1623–34. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 308 Association between isotretinoin and mood changes: myth or reality? An updated overview. Int J Dermatol 2013;52(4):499–500. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 309 Does isotretinoin therapy of acne cure or cause depression? Int J Dermatol 2013;52(9):1040–52. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 310 Changes of psychiatric parameters and their relationships by oral isotretinoin in acne patients. J Dermatol 2009;36(5):255–61. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 311 Anxiety, depression, quality of life and patient satisfaction in acne patients treated with oral isotretinoin. Acta Derm Venereol 2013;93(6):701–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 312 Effects of isotretinoin on obsessive compulsive symptoms, depression, and anxiety in patients with acne vulgaris. J Dermatolog Treat 2012;23(4):268–71. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 313 Important controversies associated with isotretinoin therapy for acne. Am J Clin Dermatol 2013;14(2):71–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 314 Mood changes, depression and suicide risk during isotretinoin treatment: a prospective study. Int J Dermatol 2013;52(2):163–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 315 Depression and suicidal behavior in acne patients treated with isotretinoin: a systematic review. Semin Cutan Med Surg 2007;26:210–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 316 Isotretinoin and the controversy of psychiatric adverse effects. Int J Dermatol 2006;45:789–99. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 317 Acute depression from isotretinoin. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990;22:1112–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 318 Retinoic acid and affective disorders: the evidence for an association. J Clin Psychiatr 2012;73:37–50. Cross Ref link , , .
- 319 Isotretinoin and mental health in adolescents: Australian consensus. Australas J Dermatol 2014;55:162–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 320 Relationship between headache and depression in users of isotretinoin. Arch Dermatol 2005;141(5):640–1. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 321 Isotretinoin: update on controversial issues. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2013;26(5):290–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 322 Conjunctival impression cytology changes induced by oral isotretinoin. Cornea 2009;28(9):1009–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 323 Lacrimal function and ocular complications in patients treated with systemic isotretinoin. Eur J Ophthalmol 2002;12(3):173–6. Pubmed link , , , , .
- 324 Does use of isotretinoin rule out a career in flying? Br J Ophthalmol 2006;90(8):957–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 325 Abnormal night vision with isotretinoin therapy for acne. Clin Exp Dermatol 1995;20(1):86. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 326 Efficacy and safety of oral retinoids in different psoriasis subtypes: a systematic literature review. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2011;25 Suppl. 2:28–33. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 327 Oral retinoid therapy for disorders of keratinization: single‐centre retrospective 25 years' experience on 23 patients. Br J Dermatol 2006;154(2):267–76. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 328 Prolonged treatment with oral retinoids in adults: no influence on the frequency and severity of spinal abnormalities. Br J Dermatol 1996;134(1):71–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 329 Acne flare‐up and deterioration with oral isotretinoin. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2001;128:224–8. Pubmed link .
- 330 Pyogenic granulomas during isotretinoin therapy. J Dermatol Case Rep 2011;5(1):5–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 331 Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) www.mhra.gov.uk (last accessed September 2015).
- 332 Medication‐induced intracranial hypertension in dermatology. Am J Clin Dermatol 2005;6(1):29–37. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 333 Oral retinoids and plasma lipids. Dermatol Ther 2013;26(5):404–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 334 Topical and oral bexarotene. Dermatol Ther 2013;26(5):400–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 335 British National Formulary (BNF) www.bnf.org (last accessed May 2015).
- 336 Advice on the safe introduction and continued use of isotretinoin in acne in the U.K. 2010. Br J Dermatol 2010;162(6):1172–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 337 iPLEDGE Committed to Pregnancy Prevention www.ipledgeprogram.com (last accessed May 2015).
- 338 British Association of Dermatologists guidelines on the efficacy and use of acitretin in dermatology. Br J Dermatol 2010;162(5):952–63. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 339 U.K. consensus statement on safe clinical prescribing of bexarotene for patients with cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. Br J Dermatol 2013;168(1):192–200. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
Thalidomide
- 340 Miscellaneous systemic drugs: thalidomide. In: Comprehensive Dermatological Drug Therapy, 3rd edn. London: Elsevier, 2013:437–41. , , , .
- 341 Rediscovering thalidomide: a review of its mechanism of action, side effects, and potential uses. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996;35(6):969–79. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 342 Thalidomide: current and potential clinical applications. Am J Med 2000;108:487–95. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 343 Thalidomide: a review of approved and investigational uses. Clin Ther 2003;25:342–95. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 344 Thalidomide: dermatological indications, mechanisms of action and side‐effects. Br J Dermatol 2005;153(2):254–73. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
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