Introduction

  • 1  Bennett RG. Fundamentals of Cutaneous Surgery. St Louis: Mosby, 1988.
  • 2  Burge S, Colver GB, Rayment R. Simple Skin Surgery, 2nd edn. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 1996.
  • 3  Lawrence CM. An Introduction to Dermatological Surgery, 2nd edn. St Louis: Mosby, 2002.
  • 4  Roenigk RK, Roenigk HH, eds. Dermatologic Surgery, 2nd edn. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1996. Pubmed link
  • 5  Robinson JK, Hanke CW, Siegel DM, et al. Surgery of the Skin: Procedural Dermatology, 3rd edn. Philadelphia: Elsevier Mosby, 2015.
  • 6  Rohrer TE, Cook JL, Nguyen TH. Flaps and Grafts in Dermatologic Surgery. Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2007.

Critical anatomical considerations

  • 7  Salasche SJ, Bernstein G, Senkarik M. Surgical Anatomy of the Skin. Norwalk: Appleton & Lange, 1988.
  • 8  Borges AF, Alexander JE. Relaxed skin tension lines, Z‐plasty on scars and fusiform excision of lesions. Br J Plast Surg 1962;15:242–54. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 9  Kraissl CJ. The selection of appropriate lines for elective surgical incision. Plast Reconstr Surg 1951;8:1–28. Cross Ref link
  • 10  Langer K. On the anatomy and physiology of the skin. I. The cleavability of the cutis. Translated and republished in Br J Plast Surg 1978;31:3–8, with covering editorial 1–2. Cross Ref link
  • 11  Summers BK, Siegle RJ. Facial cutaneous reconstructive surgery: general aesthetic principles. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993;29:669–81. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 12  Salasche SJ, Giancola JM, Trookman NS. Surgical pearl: hydroexpansion with local anaesthetic. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995;33:510–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 13  Sobotta J. Head, neck upper limbs and skin. In: Staubesand J, ed. Atlas of Human Anatomy. Munich: Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1989.
  • 14  Romanes GJ. Cunningham's Manual of Practical Anatomy, 15th edn, Vol. 3. Head and Neck and Brain. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.
  • 15  Scott DB. Techniques of Regional Anaesthesia. Norwalk: Appleton & Lange/Mediglobe, 1989.
  • 16  Lawrence CM. An Introduction to Dermatological Surgery, 2nd edn. St Louis: Mosby, 2002.
  • 17  Lumley JSP. Surface Anatomy, the Anatomical Basis of Clinical Examination. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1990.
  • 18  Williams PL, Bannister LH, Berry M, et al., eds. Gray's Anatomy, 38th edn. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1995.
  • 19  Summers BK, Siegle RJ. Facial cutaneous reconstructive surgery: facial flaps. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993;29:917–41. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Equipment and sterilization

  • 20  Burge S, Colver GB, Rayment R. Simple Skin Surgery, 2nd edn. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 1996: 5–9.
  • 21  Grande DJ, Neuberg M. Instrumentation for the dermatologic surgeon. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1989;15:288–97. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 22  Diwan R. Instruments for dermatologic surgery. In: Lask GP, Moy RL, eds. Principles and Techniques of Cutaneous Surgery. New York: McGraw‐Hill, 1996:85–100.
  • 23  Horton R. Hand washing: the fundamental infection control principle. Br J Nursing 1995;16:928–33.
  • 24  Parienti JJ, Thibon P, Heller R, et al. Hand‐rubbing with an aqueous alcoholic solution vs traditional surgical hand‐scrubbing and 30‐day surgical site infection rates: a randomized equivalence study. JAMA 2002;288:722–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 25  Loffler H, Kampf G, Schmermund D, Maibach HI. How irritant is alcohol? Br J Dermatol 2007;157:74–81. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 26  Pedersen LK, Held E, Johansen JD, Agner T. Less skin irritation from alcohol‐ based disinfectant than from detergent used for hand disinfection. Br J Dermatol 2005;153:1142–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 27  Birnie AJ, Thomas KS, Varma S. Should eye protection be worn during dermatological surgery: prospective observational study. Br J Dermatol 2007;156:1258–62. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 28  Rutala WA, Weber DJ. Disinfection and sterilization in health care facilities: what clinicians need to know. Clin Infect Dis 2004;39:702–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 29  Sebben JE. Survey of sterile technique in dermatological surgeons. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988;18:1107–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 30  Sebben JE, Fazio MJ. Sterilization of equipment for dermatologic surgery. In: Lask GP, Moy RL, eds. Principles and Techniques of Cutaneous Surgery. New York: McGraw‐Hill, 1996:47–56.

Safety aspects

  • 31  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Recommendations for preventing transmission of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus to patients during exposure‐prone invasive procedures. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep July 12, 1991/40 (RR08);1–9.
  • 32  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Perspectives in disease prevention and health promotion update: universal precautions for prevention of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and other bloodborne pathogens in health‐care settings. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep June 24, 1988/37(24):377–88.
  • 33  Eisen DB. Surgeon's garb and infection control: What's the evidence? J Am Acad Dermatol 2011;64(Issue 5):960.e1–960.e20. Cross Ref link
  • 34  Taheri A, Mansoori P, Sandoval LF, et al. Electrosurgery: Part I. Basics and principles. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014;70:591.e1–591.e14. Cross Ref link
  • 35  Taheri A, Mansoori P, Sandoval LF, et al. Electrosurgery: Part II. Technology, applications, and safety of electrosurgical devices. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014;70:607.e1–607.e12. Cross Ref link

Complications

  • 36  Stasko T. Complications of cutaneous procedures. In: Roenigk RK, Roenigk HH, eds. Dermatologic Surgery, 2nd edn. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1996:149–75.
  • 37  Amici JM, Rogues AM, Lasheras A, et al. A prospective study of the incidence of complications associated with dermatological surgery. Br J Dermatol 2005;153:967–71. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 38  Rogues AM, Lasheras A, Amici JM, et al. Infection control practices and infectious complications in dermatological surgery. J Hosp Infect 2007;65:258–63. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 39  Futoyan T, Grande D. Postoperative wound infection rates in dermatologic surgery. Dermatol Surg 1995;21:509–14. Pubmed link
  • 40  Cook JL, Perone JB. A prospective evaluation of the incidence of complications associated with Mohs micrographic surgery. Arch Dermatol 2003;139:143–52. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 41  Rhinehart MB, Murphy MM, Farley MF, Albertini JG. Sterile versus nonsterile gloves during Mohs micrographic surgery: infection rate is not affected. Dermatol Surg 2006;32:170–6. Pubmed link
  • 42  Elliott TG, Thom GA, Litterick KA. Office based dermatological surgery and Mohs surgery: a prospective audit of surgical procedures and complications in a procedural dermatology practice. Australas J Dermatol 2012;53:264–71. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 43  Kargi E, Babuccu O, Hosnuter M, et al. Complications in minor cutaneous surgery in patients under anticoagulant treatment. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2002;26:483–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 44  Dhiwakar MA, Khan NA, McClymont LG. Surgical resection of cutaneous head and neck lesions: does aspirin use increase hemorrhagic risk? Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2006;132:1237–41. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 45  Palamaras I, Semkova K. Peri‐operative management of and recommendations for antithrombotic medications in dermatological surgery. Br J Dermatol 2015;172:597–605. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Local anaesthetics

  • 46  Auletta MJ, Grekin RC. Local Anesthesia for Dermatologic Surgery. New York: Churchill‐Livingstone, 1991.
  • 47  Skidmore RA, Patterson JD, Tomsick RS. Local anaesthetics. Dermatol Surg 1996;22:511–22. Pubmed link
  • 48  Auletta MJ. Local anaesthesia for dermatologic surgery. Semin Dermatol 1994;13:35–42. Pubmed link
  • 49  Buckley MM, Benfield P. Eutectic lidocaine/prilocaine cream: a review of the topical anaesthetic/analgesic efficacy of EMLA. Drugs 1993;46:126–51. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 50  Adriani J. Regional Anaesthesia: Techniques in Clinical Practice. Springfield: Thomas, 1970.
  • 51  Bennett RG. Anesthesia. In: Bennett RG, ed. Fundamentals of Cutaneous Surgery. St Louis: Mosby, 1988:194–239.
  • 52  Sylaidis P, Logan A. Digital block with adrenaline: an old dogma refuted. J Hand Surg 1998;23:17–19. Cross Ref link
  • 53  Millard TP, James MP. Avoidance of adrenaline in peripheral local anaesthesia: a perpetuated medical myth? Clin Exp Dermatol 2001;26:731–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 54  Matarasso SL, Glogau RS. Local anaesthesia. In: Lask GP, Moy RL, eds. Principles and Techniques of Cutaneous Surgery. New York: McGraw‐Hill, 1996:63–75.

Biopsy techniques and preoperative preparation

  • 55  Borges AF, Alexander JE. Relaxed skin tension lines, Z‐plasty in scars and fusiform excisions of lesions. Br J Plast Surg 1962;15:242–54. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 56  Summers BK, Siegle RJ. Facial cutaneous reconstructive surgery: general aesthetic principles. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993;29:669–81. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 57  Lawrence CM. An Introduction to Dermatological Surgery, 2nd edn. St Louis: Mosby, 2002.
  • 58  Hudson‐Peacock MJ, Lawrence CM. Comparison of wound closure by means of dog ear repair and elliptical excision. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995;32:627–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 59  Zachary CB. Basic Cutaneous Surgery: a Primer in Technique. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1991.
  • 60  Fewkes JL, Cheney ML, Pollack SV. Illustrated Atlas of Cutaneous Surgery. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1992.
  • 61  Barnett R, Stranc M. A method of producing improved scars following excision of small lesions of the back. Ann Plast Surg 1979;5:391–4, 435. Cross Ref link
  • 62  Crollick JS, Klein LE. Punch biopsy diagnostic technique. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1987;13:839. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 63  Armstrong RB, Nichols J, Pachance J. Punch biopsy wounds treated with Monsel's solution or a collagen matrix. Arch Dermatol 1986;122:546–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 64  Hafiji J, Hussain W, Tallon B, Salmon P. Optimizing the shave excision technique to aid accurate histological diagnosis. Br J Dermatol 2012;166:226–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 65  Gambichler T, Senger E, Rapp S, et al. Deep shave excision of macular melanocytic nevi with the razor blade biopsy technique. Dermatol Surg 2000;26:662–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 66  Hudson‐Peacock MJ, Bishop J, Lawrence CM. Shave excision of benign papular naevocytic naevi. Br J Plast Surg 1995;48:318–22. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 67  Hudson‐Peacock MJ, Lawrence CM. Cosmetic outcome following shave excision of benign papular naevi using either electrocautery or aluminium chloride for haemostasis. Br J Dermatol 1995;133 (Suppl. 45):47.
  • 68  Redden EM, Baker DC. Coping with the complexities of informed consent in dermatologic surgery. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1984;10:111–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 69  Hussain W. Avoiding wrong site surgery: how language and technology can help. Br J Dermatol 2012;167:1186. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Preoperative planning and preparation

  • 70  Ridge MD, Wright V. The directional effects of skin: a bioengineering study of skin with particular reference to Langer's lines. J Invest Dermatol 1966;46:341–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 71  Baer RL, Kopf AW. Dermatologic office surgery. In: Year Book of Dermatology 1963–64. Chicago: Year Book Medical, 1964:7–47.
  • 72  Kraissl CJ. The selection of appropriate lines for elective surgical excision. Plast Reconstr Surg 1951;8:1–28. Cross Ref link
  • 73  Kaul AF, Jewitt JF. Agents and techniques for disinfection of the skin. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1981;152:677–85. Pubmed link
  • 74  Durani P, Leaper D. Povidone‐iodine: use in hand disinfection, skin preparation and antiseptic irrigation. Int Wound J 2008;5:376–87. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 75  Selwyn S, Ellis H. Skin bacteria and skin disinfection reconsidered. BMJ 1972;i:136–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Elliptical excision – general technique

  • 76  Epstein E, Epstein E Jr, eds. Skin Surgery, 5th edn. Springfield: Thomas, 1982.
  • 77  Stegman SJ. Basics of Dermatologic Surgery. Chicago: Year Book Medical, 1982.
  • 78  Hussain, W, Mortimer NJ, Salmon PJ. Optimizing technique in elliptical excisional surgery: some pearls for practice. Br J Dermatol 2009;161:697–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Suture technique

  • 79  Dingman RO, Watanabe MJ, Izenberg PH. General principles of skin surgery. In: Epstein E, Epstein E Jr, eds. Skin Surgery, 5th edn. Springfield: Thomas, 1982:74–107.
  • 80  Stegman SJ. Suturing techniques for dermatologic surgery. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1978;4:63–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 81  Stegman SJ, Tromovitch TA, Glogau RG. Basics of Dermatologic Surgery. Chicago: Year Book Medical, 1982.
  • 82  Simmonds WL. Surgical gems: uses of bolsters in dermatologic surgery. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1977;3:281–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Dressings and postoperative care

  • 83  Hinman CD, Maibach H. Effect of air exposure and occlusion on experimental human skin wounds. Nature 1963;200:377–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 84  Harris DR. Healing of the surgical wound. I. Basic considerations. J Am Acad Dermatol 1979;1:197–207. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 85  Wood RAB. Disintegration of cellulose dressings in open granulating wounds. BMJ 1976;1:1444–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 86  Silver IA. Oxygen tension and epithelialization. In: Maibach HI, Rovee DT, eds. Epidermal Wound Healing. Chicago: Year Book, 1972.
  • 87  Varghese MC, Balin AK, Carer M, Caldwell D. Local environment of chronic wounds under synthetic dressings. Arch Dermatol 1986;122:52–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 88  Knighton DR, Silver IA, Hunt TK. Regulation of wound healing angiogenesis: effect of oxygen gradients and inspired oxygen concentration. Surgery 1981;90:262–70. Pubmed link
  • 89  Telfer NR, Moy RL. Wound care after office procedures. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1993;19:722–31. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 90  Anonymous. Local applications to wounds. II. Dressings for wounds and ulcers. Drug Ther Bull 1991;29:97–100. Pubmed link
  • 91  Engdahl E. Clinical evaluation of Debrisan on pressure sores. Curr Ther Res 1980;28:377–80.
  • 92  Gorse GJ, Messner RL. Improved pressure sore healing with hydrocolloid dressings. Arch Dermatol 1987;123:766–71. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 93  Handfield‐Jones SE, Grattan CEH, Simpson RA, Kennedy CTC. Comparison of a hydrocolloid dressing and paraffin gauze in the treatment of venous ulcers. Br J Dermatol 1988;118:425–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 94  Eaglstein WH. Occlusive dressings. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1993;19:716–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 95  Fish FS, Hilger PA. Aquaplast thermoplastic (Opti‐Mold). A unique moldable tie‐down dressing for full‐thickness skin grafts. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1994;20:239–44. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Secondary intention healing

  • 96  Zitelli JA. Wound healing by secondary intention. J Am Acad Dermatol 1983;9:407–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 97  Barnett R, Stranc M. A method of producing improved scars following excision of small lesions of the back. Ann Plast Surg 1979;3:391–4, 435. Cross Ref link
  • 98  Bajaj V1, Langtry JA Surgical excision of acne keloidalis nuchae with secondary intention healing. Clin Exp Dermatol 2008;33:53–5. Pubmed link
  • 99  Silverberg B, Smoot CE, Landa SJF, Parsons RW. Hidradenitis suppurativa: patients' satisfaction with wound healing by second intention. Plast Reconstr Surg 1987;79:555–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 100  Lawrence CM, Matthews JNS, Cox NH. The effect of ketanserin on healing of fresh surgical wounds. Br J Dermatol 1995;132:580–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 101  Snow SN, Stiff MA, Bullen R, et al. Second intention healing of exposed facial‐scalp bone after Mohs surgery for skin cancer: a review of 91 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994;31:450–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 102  Barry RB1, Langtry JA, Lawrence CM. The role of cortical bone fenestration in the management of Mohs surgical scalp wounds devoid of periosteum. Br J Dermatol 2009;160:1110–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Flaps

  • 103  Rohrer TE, Cook JL, Nguyen TH. Flaps and Grafts in Dermatologic Surgery. Philadelphia: Elsevier 2007.
  • 104  Reece EM, Schaverien M, Rohrich RJ. The paramedian forehead flap: a dynamic anatomical vascular study verifying safety and clinical implications. Plast Reconstr Surg 2008;121:1956–63. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 105  Jellinek NJ, Nguyen TH, Albertini JG. Paramedian forehead flap: advances, procedural nuances, and variations in technique. Dermatol Surg 2014;40 Suppl. 9:S30–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 106  Somoano B, Kampp J, Gladstone HB. Accelerated takedown of the paramedian forehead flap at 1 week: indications, technique, and improving patient quality of life. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011;65:97–105. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 107  Salasche SJ, Grabski WJ. Complications of flaps. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1991;17:132–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 108  Goldminz D, Bennett RG. Cigarette smoking and flap and full‐thickness graft necrosis. Arch Dermatol 1991;127:1012–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 109  Yarborough JM. Ablation of facial scars by programmed dermabrasion. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1988;14:292–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 110  Zisser M, Kaplan B, Moy RL. Surgical pearl: manual dermabrasion. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995;33:105–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 111  Snow SNP, Stiff MA, Lambert DR. Scalpel sculpturing techniques for graft revision and dermatologic surgery. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1994;20:120–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 112  Krishnan R, Garman M, Nunez‐Gussman J, et al. Advancement flaps: a basic theme with many variations. Dermatol Surg 2005;31:986–94. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 113  Mellette JR, Harrington AC. Applications of the crescentic advancement flap.J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1991;17:447–54. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 114  Yoo SS, Miller SJ. The crescentic advancement flap revisited. Dermatol Surg 2003;29:856–8. Pubmed link
  • 115  Hussain W, Tan E, Salmon PJ. Inferiorly based crescentic “sliding“ cheek flaps for the reconstruction of paranasal surgical defects. Dermatol Surg 2012;38:249–55. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 116  Freeland RG. Reconstruction of the lower lip and chin using local and random pattern flaps. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1991;17:605–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 117  Spinowitz AL, Stegman SJ. Partial‐thickness wedge and advancement flap for upper lip repair. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1991;17:581–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 118  Rohrer TE, Cook JL, Nguyen TH. Flaps and Grafts in Dermatologic Surgery. Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2007.
  • 119  Wang SQ, Goldberg LH. Burow's wedge advancement flap for lateral forehead defects. Dermatol Surg 2006;32:1505–8. Pubmed link
  • 120  Cavanaugh EB. Management of lesions of the helical rim using a chondrocutaneous advancement flap. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1982;8:691–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 121  Braun M, Cook J. The island pedicle flap. Dermatol Surg 2005;31:995–1005. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 122  Salmon PJ, Klaassen MF. The rotating island pedicle flap: an aesthetic and functional improvement on the subcutaneous island pedicle flap. Dermatol Surg 2004;30:1223–8. Pubmed link
  • 123  Cvancara JL, Jones MS, Wentzell JM. Lenticular island pedicle flap. Dermatol Surg 2005;31:195–200. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 124  Tan E, Mortimer NJ, Hussain W, et al. The nasal sidewall rotation flap: a workhorse flap for small defects of the distal nose. Dermatol Surg 2010;36:1563–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 125  Tenzel RR, Stewart WB. Eyelid reconstruction by the semicircle flap technique. Ophthalmology 1978;85:1164–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 126  Mustardé JC. The use of flaps in the orbital region. Plast Reconstr Surg 1970;45:146–50. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 127  Hafiji J, Salmon P, Hussain W. The AIRNS flap: an alternative to the bilobed flap for the repair of defects of the distal nose. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012;67:712–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 128  Rieger RA. A local flap for repair of the nasal tip. Plast Reconstr Surg 1967;40:147–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 129  Ahern RW, Lawrence N. The Peng flap: reviewed and refined. Dermatol Surg 2008;34:232–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 130  Holt PJA, Motley RJ. A modified rhombic transposition flap and its application in dermatology. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1991;17:287–92. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 131  Johnson SC, Bennett RG. Double Z‐plasty to enhance rhombic flap mobility.J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1994;20:128–32. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 132  Zitelli JA. The nasolabial flap as a single‐stage procedure. Arch Dermatol 1990;126:1445–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 133  Webster RC, Davidson TM, Smith RC. The thirty degree transposition flap. Laryngoscope 1978;88:85–94. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 134  Lister GD, Gibson T. Closure of rhomboid skin defects: the flaps of Limberg and Dufourmentel. Br J Plast Surg 1972;25:300–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 135  Zitelli JA. The bilobed flap for nasal reconstruction. Arch Dermatol 1989;125:957–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 136  Cook JL. Reconstructive utility of the bilobed flap: lessons from flap successes and failures. Dermatol Surg 2005;31:1024–33. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 137  Ricks M, Cook J. Extranasal applications of the bilobed flap. Dermatol Surg 2005;31:941–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 138  Albertini JG, Hansen JP. Trilobed flap reconstruction for distal nasal skin defects. Dermatol Surg 2010;36:1726–35. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 139  Jellinek NJ, Nguyen TH, Albertini JG. Paramedian forehead flap: advances, procedural nuances, and variations in technique. Dermatol Surg 2014;40 (Suppl. 9):S30–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 140  Nguyen TH. Staged cheek‐to‐nose and auricular interpolation flaps. Dermatol Surg 2005;31:1034–45. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Skin grafts

  • 141  Skouge JW. Skin Grafting: Practical Manuals in Dermatologic Surgery. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1991.
  • 142  Rohrer TE, Cook JL, Nguyen TH. Flaps and Grafts in Dermatologic Surgery. Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2007.
  • 143  Roenigk RK, Zalla MJ. Full‐thickness grafts. In: Robinson JK, Arndt KA, LeBoit PE, Wintroub BU, eds. Atlas of Cutaneous Surgery. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1996.
  • 144  Hambley RM, Carruthers JA. Microlipoinjection for the elevation of depressed full‐thickness grafts on the nose. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1992;18:963–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 145  Lewis R, Lang PG Jr. Delayed full‐thickness skin grafts revisited. Dermatol Surg 2003;29:1113–17. Pubmed link
  • 146  Lipman SH, Roth RJ. Composite grafts from earlobes for reconstruction of defects in noses. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1982;8:135–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 147  Rohrer TE, Dzubow LM. Conchal bowl skin grafting in nasal tip reconstruction: clinical and histologic evaluation. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995;33:476–81. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 148  Mortimer NJ, Salmon PJ, Hussain W. Optimizing the transfer of split‐thickness skin grafts from the donor to the recipient site using the 'moist gauze pick‐up' technique. Br J Dermatol 2013;168:215–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Other techniques for facilitating closure

  • 149  Webster RC, Davidson TM, Smith RC, et al. M‐plasty techniques. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1976;2:393–6. Cross Ref link
  • 150  Wisco OJ, Wentzell JM. When an M is a V: vector analysis calls for redesign of the M‐plasty. Dermatol Surg 2009;35(8):1271–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 151  Eedy DJ, Breathnach SM, Walker NPJ. Surgical Dermatology. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 1996.
  • 152  Wheeland RG. Reconstruction of the lower lip and chin using local and random pattern flaps. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1991;17:605–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 153  Jemec BIE. A short review of some methods of excisions from and reconstructions of lower lips. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1981;7:576–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 154  Ross JJ, Pham R. Closure of eyelid defects. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1992;18:1061–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 155  Tebbetts JB. Auricular reconstruction: selected single stage techniques. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1982;8:557–66. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 156  Field LM. An improved design for vermilionectomy with a mucous membrane advancement flap. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1991;17:833–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 157  Barry RB, McKenzie J, Berg D, Langtry JA. Direct primary closure without undermining in the repair of vermilionectomy defects of the lower lip. Br J Dermatol 2012;167:1092–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 158  Gormley DE. The dog‐ear: causes, prevention and correction. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1977;3:194–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 159  Stegman SJ. Basics of Dermatologic Surgery. Chicago: Year Book Medical, 1982.
  • 160  Salasche SJ, Roberts LC. Dog‐ear correction by M‐plasty. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1984;10:478–82. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 161  Motley RJ, Holt PJA. The use of meshed advancement flaps in the treatment of lesions of the lower leg. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1990;16:346–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Mohs micrographic surgery

  • 162  Zitelli JA. Wound healing by secondary intention. J Am Acad Dermatol 1983;9:407–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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Electrocautery and electrosurgery

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Caustics

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Intralesional corticosteroid therapy

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Intralesional therapies for skin malignancies

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Curettage

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Haemostasis for open wounds

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Epidermoid cysts

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Lipomas

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