Part 2, Reference for Chapter 21: Principles of Phototherapy
Skip chapter table of contents and go to main content
- 1 An update and guidance on narrowband ultraviolet B phototherapy: a British Photodermatology Group Workshop report. Br J Dermatol 2004;151:283–297. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 2 Phototherapy with narrowband UVB. Acta Derm Venereol 2005;85:1–11. Cross Ref link , , .
- 3 Psoralen photochemotherapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987;17:703–34. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 4 Phototherapy for psoriasis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2001;26:343–50. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 5 Treatment of cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma by extracorporeal photochemotherapy: preliminary results. N Engl J Med 1987:316:297–303. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 6 Evidence based practice of photopheresis 1987–2001: a report of a workshop of the British Photodermatology Group and UK Skin Lymphoma Group. Br J Dermatol 2006;154:7–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 7 High‐dose UVA1 therapy in the treatment of patients with atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992;26:225–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 8 Low‐dose UVA1 phototherapy for treatment of localized scleroderma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;38:21–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 9 Biological effects of narrow‐band (311 nm TL01) UVB irradiation: a review. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 1997;38:99–106. Cross Ref link , .
- 10 312‐nanometer ultraviolet B light (narrow‐band UVB) induces apoptosis of T cells within psoriatic lesions. J Exp Med 1999;189:711–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 11 Narrow band UVB induces apoptosis in human keratinocytes. J Photochem Photobiol 2006;82:132–9. Cross Ref link , , , et al.
- 12 Mechanisms of psoralen photosensitization reactions. Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1984;66:41–6. Pubmed link .
- 13 Alteration of lymphocyte functions by 8‐methoxypsoralen and long‐wave ultraviolet radiation. I. Suppressive effects of PUVA on T‐lymphocyte migration in vitro. J Invest Dermatol 1985;84:203–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 14 Photo(chemo)therapy reduces circulatory Th17 cells and restores circulating regulatory T cells in psoriasis. PLOS One 2013;8:e54895. Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 15 Induction of tumor loaded dendritic cells. Int J Cancer 2001;91:438–77. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 16 Extracorporeal photochemotherapy restores Th1/Th2 imbalance in patients with early stage cutaneous T cell lymphoma. Immunology 1997;92:99–103. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 17 Extracorporeal photochemotherapy induces the production of tumor necrosis factor‐alpha in monocytes: implications for the treatment of cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma and systemic sclerosis. J Invest Dermatol 1992;98:686–92. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 18 Induction of interstitial collagenase (MMP‐1) by UVA‐1 phototherapy in morphea fibroblasts. Lancet 1997;350:1295–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 19 Gene expression of cytokines in atopic eczema before and after ultraviolet A1 phototherapy. Br J Dermatol 2008;158:1117–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 20 UVA1 radiation triggers two different final apoptotic pathways. J Invest Dermatol 1999;112:3–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
- 21 The history of phototherapy: something new under the sun? J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;46:926–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
- 22 History of phototherapy in dermatology. J Photochem Photobiol Sci 2013;12:16–21. Cross Ref link
- 23 Bicentenary of the discovery of the ultraviolet rays. Photoderm Photoimmunol Photomed 2002;18:208. Cross Ref link
- 24 Researches on the effect of light upon bacteria and other organisms. Proc R Soc London 1877;26:488–500. Cross Ref link , .
- 25 How Finsen's light cured lupus vulgaris. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2005;21:118–24. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 26 Heliotherapy in psoriasis. Arch Dermatol 1923;8:79–80. Cross Ref link
- 27 The treatment of psoriasis. Northwest Med 1925;24:229–31.
- 28 The approach to psoriasis. BMJ 1953;12:591–4. Cross Ref link
- 29 Action spectrum for phototherapy of psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 1981;76:359–62. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 30 A new development in UVB phototherapy of psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 1988;119:11–19. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 31 311 nm UVB phototherapy – an effective treatment for psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 1988;119:691–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 32 Crystalline principle from Ammi majus. Nature 1947;160:468. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 33 Ammi majus Linn: the isolation and properties of ammoidin, ammidin and majudin, and their effect in the treatment of leukoderma. Q J Pharm Pharmacol 1948;21:499–503. Pubmed link , .
- 34 A preliminary clinical report on the treatment of leukoderma with Ammi majus Linn. J Egypt Med Assoc 1948;31:651–65. Pubmed link
- 35 Photochemotherapy of psoriasis with oral methoxsalen and longwave ultraviolet light. N Engl J Med 1974;291:1207–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 36 A new apparatus with high radiation energy between 320–460 nm – physical description and dermatological applications. J Invest Dermatol 1981;76:42–47. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 37 Guidelines for dosimetry and calibration in ultraviolet radiation therapy: a report of a British Photodermatology Group workshop. Br J Dermatol 2002;146:755–63. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 38 Cumulative effects of ultraviolet radiation on the skin: cancer and photoaging. Semin Dermatol 1990;9:25–31. Pubmed link .
- 39 Ultraviolet and Blue‐light Phototherapy – Principles, Sources, Dosimetry and Safety. Report No. 76. York: Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine, 1997:27. , .
- 40 Ultraviolet A1 phototherapy: a British Photodermatology Group workshop report. Clin Exp Dermatol 2012;37 (3):219–26. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 41 A quantitative review of studies comparing the efficacy of narrow‐band and broad‐band ultraviolet B for psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 2003;149:669–72. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 42 Narrowband UV‐B (TL‐01) phototherapy vs oral 8‐methoxypsoralen psoralen‐UV‐A for the treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis. Arch Dermatol 2003;139:325–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 43 Randomized double‐blind trial of the treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis: efficacy of psoralen‐UV‐A therapy vs narrowband UV‐B therapy. Arch Dermatol 2006;142:836–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 44 Treatment of pustular psoriasis: from the medical board of the National Psoriasis Foundation. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012;67:279–88. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 45 UVA solarium versus UVB phototherapy of atopic dermatitis: a paired comparison study. Br J Dermatol 1991;125:569–72. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 46 Combined UVB and UVA phototherapy of atopic eczema. Dermatologica 1985;171:95–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 47 Narrowband UV‐B phototherapy for severe atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 1995;133:653–67. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 48 Oral psoralen photochemotherapy in severe childhood atopic eczema: an update. Br J Dermatol 1993;129:431–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 49 British Photodermatology Group. British Photodermatology Group guidelines for PUVA. Br J Dermatol 1993;130:246–55.
- 50 Narrowband UVB phototherapy for early‐stage mycosis fungoides. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;47:191–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 51 Treatment of mycosis fungoides with PUVA. Photodermatol 1987;4:55–8. Pubmed link , , .
- 52 Treatment of mycosis fungoides with photochemotherapy (PUVA): long‐term follow‐up. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995;33:234–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 53 Treatment of vitiligo vulgaris with narrow band UVB (311 nm) for one year and the effect of addition of folic acid and vitamin B12. Acta Derm Venereol 2002;82:369–72. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 54 Determination of optimal photochemotherapy for vitiligo. J Am Acad Dermatol 1982;7:771–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , SG, et al.
- 55 Photo(chemo)therapy for vitiligo. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2011;27:261–77. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 56 A comparison of narrow band phototherapy (TL‐01) and photochemotherapy (PUVA) in the management of polymorphic light eruption. Br J Dermatol 1993;129:708–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 57 Clinical and therapeutic aspects of polymorphous light eruption. Dermatology 2003;207:93–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 58 Evaluation of PUVA‐therapy for alopecia areata. Dermatologica 1984;168:250–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 59 Alopecia areata: update on therapy. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2002;129:831–6. Pubmed link
- 60 Narrowband UV‐B phototherapy in the treatment of cutaneous graft versus host disease. Transplantation 2002;74:1631–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 61 PUVA therapy for chronic cutaneous graft‐vs‐host disease. Arch Dermatol 1991;127:1673–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 62 Psoralen and ultraviolet A in the treatment of granuloma annulare. Photoderm Photoimmunol Photomed 2011;27:81–4. Cross Ref link , , .
- 63 Narrowband UVB therapy in the treatment of lichen planus. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2003;19:265–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 64 Psoralen plus UVA vs UVB‐311nm for the treatment of lichen planus. Photoderm Photoimmunol Photomed 2007;23:15–19. Cross Ref link , , , et al.
- 65 Topical psoralen plus ultraviolet A treatment for necrobiosis lipoidica. Br J Dermatol 2000;143:1333–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 66 Narrowband UVB phototherapy in children. A New Zealand experience. Australas J Dermatol 2010;51:268–73. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 67 Foil bath PUVA in the treatment of prurigo simplex subacuta. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1987;82:317–20. , , , .
- 68 Narrow‐band UVB (TL‐01) UVB phototherapy: an effective preventative treatment for the photodermatoses. Br J Dermatol 1995;132:956–63. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 69 Phototherapy of photodermatoses. J Dermatol Treat 2002;13(4):157–60. Cross Ref link
- 70 Mechanisms of phototherapy and photochemotherapy for photodermatoses. Dermatol Ther 2003;16:23–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
- 71 PUVA, etretinate, and PUVA‐etretinate therapy for pustulosis palmoplantaris. Arch Dermatol 1987;123:885–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 72 Comparison of the therapeutic effects of narrowband UVB vs PUVA in patients with pityriasis lichenoides. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2011;25:913–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 73 Narrow band UVB therapy and oral acyclovir for piyriasis rosea. Photoderm Photoimmunol Photomed 2004;20:64–5. Cross Ref link
- 74 Pityriasis rubra pilaris sensitive to narrow band ultraviolet light. J Drugs Dermatol 2009;8:270–3. Pubmed link , , , .
- 75 Bath‐PUVA is a treatment for pityriasis rubra pilaris provoked by ultraviolet B. Br J Dermatol 1999;140:709–70. , , , et al.
- 76 Chronic eczematous dermatitis of the hands. A comparison of PUVA and UVB treatment. Acta Derm Venereol 1987;67(1):48–54. Pubmed link , , .
- 77 Treatment of chronic palmoplantar eczema with local bath‐PUVA therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;36:733–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 78 Uraemic pruritus responsive to broadband ultraviolet (UV) B therapy does not readily respond to narrowband UVB therapy. Br J Dermatol 2003;149:888–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 79 Narrowband (TL01) ultraviolet B phototherapy for pruritus in polycythaemia vera. Br J Dermatol 2002;147:979–81. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 80 Narrow‐band ultraviolet B (ATL‐01) phototherapy is an effective and safe treatment option for patients with severe seborrhoeic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2000;143:964–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 81 Subcorneal pustular dermatosis (Sneddon‐Wilkinson disease) treated with narrowband (TL01) UVB phototherapy. Br J Dermatol 1997;137:150–1. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 82 Subcorneal pustular dermatosis treated with PUVA. Dermatology 1999;198:203–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 83 Photochemotherapy and methotrexate used to treat generalised cutaneous scleroderma. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2007;21:692–3. Pubmed link , , , .
- 84 Narrowband ultraviolet B (311nm, TL01) phototherapy in chronic ordinary urticaria. Int J Dermatol 2012;51(1):98–103. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 85 Photochemotherapy (PUVA) in the treatment of urticaria pigmentosa. Br J Dermatol 1983;109:67–75. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 86 Ultraviolet A1 phototherapy. Br J Dermatol 2003;148:626–37. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 87 High‐dose versus medium‐dose UVA1 phototherapy for patients with severe generalised atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;45:503–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 88 UVA1 For atopic dermatitis: medium dose superior to low dose. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;44:548. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 89 Ultraviolet A1 (340–400nm) phototherapy for scleroderma in systemic sclerosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;43:670–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 90 Chronic sclerodermic graft‐versus‐host disease refractory to immunosuppressive treatment responds to UVA1 phototherapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;42:134–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 91 UV‐A1 therapy for nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. Arch Dermatol 2009;145:1170–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 92 Low‐dose ultraviolet A1 phototherapy for extragenital lichen sclerosus: results of a preliminary study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;46:251–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 93 UVA1 phototherapy for genital lichen sclerosus. Clin Exp Dermatol 2000;31:343–7. Cross Ref link , , , .
- 94 Ultraviolet‐A1 irradiation decreases clinical disease activity and autoantibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1994;12:129–35. Pubmed link , .
- 95 UVA‐1 cold light treatment of SLE: a double blind, placebo controlled crossover trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2001;60:112–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 96 UK consensus statement on the use of extracorporeal photopheresis for the treatment of cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma and chronic graft‐versus‐host disease. Br J Dermatol 2008;158:1365–2133. Cross Ref link , , , et al.
- 97 Prognostic factors in erythrodermic mycosis fungoides and the Sezary syndrome. Arch Dermatol 1995;131:1003–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 98 Extracorporeal photopheresis in Sezary syndrome: no significant effect in the survival of 44 patients with a peripheral blood T‐cell clone. Arch Dermatol 1998;134:1001–5. Pubmed link , , , .
- 99 Extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) in the treatment of chronic graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD). Bone Marrow Transplant 1999;23:881–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , et al.
- 100 Extracorporeal photochemotherapy for the treatment of graft‐versus‐host disease. Bone Marrow Transplant 1996;18:175–81. Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 101 Successful use of extracorporeal photochemotherapy in the treatment of severe acute and chronic graft‐versus‐host disease. Blood 1998;92:3098–104. Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 102 et al. Treatment of systemic sclerosis with extracorporeal photochemotherapy. Arch Dermatol 1992;128:337–46. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , ,
- 103 Short‐time extracorporeal photochemotherapy in the treatment of drug‐resistant autoimmune bullous diseases. Dermatology 1999;198:140–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 104 Effect of extracorporeal photopheresis on selected immunologic parameters in psoriasis vulgaris. Yale J Biol Med 1989;62:653–64. Pubmed link , , , , .
- 105 Treatment of severe atopic dermatitis with extracorporeal photopheresis. Arch Dermatol Res 1994;287:48–52. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 106 Extracorporeal photochemotherapy for chronic erosive lichen planus. Lancet 1998;351:805. , , , , , .
- 107 Extracorporeal photochemotherapy for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1992;35:319–24. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 108 Scleredema associated with paraproteinaemia treated by extracorporeal photopheresis. Br J Dermatol 2000;142:781–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 109 Extracorporeal photochemotherapy as adjunctive treatment in juvenile dermatomyositis: a case report. Arch Dermatol 1992;128:1656–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 110 Photopheresis for the prevention of rejection in cardiac transplantation. Photopheresis Transplantation Study Group. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1744–51. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 111 Photopheresis therapy of cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma: the Yale–New Haven Hospital experience. Yale Biol Med 1989;62:629–38. , , , et al.
- 112 Review of immunomodulation by photopheresis: treatment of cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma, autoimmune disease, and allograft rejection. Artif Organs 1994;18:888–97. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 113 Treatment of cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma with extracorporeal photophoresis monotherapy and in combination with recombinant interferon‐alpha: a 10 year experience at a single institution. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996;35:946–57. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 114 Extracorporeal photopheresis in Sezary syndrome: hematologic parameters as predictors of response. Blood 2001;98:1298–301. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 115 Treatment of erythrodermic cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma with extracorporeal photochemotherapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992;27:427–33. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 116 Photopheresis for the treatment of cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990;23:898–902. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 117 Extracorporeal photochemotherapy in long‐term treatment of early stage cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. Br J Dermatol 2000;143:894–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 118 Extracorporeal photochemotherapy in the early treatment of cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994;31:828–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 119 Extracorporeal photopheresis and interferon‐α in advanced cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. Lancet 1997;350:32–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 120 Extracorporeal photopheresis in combination with bexarotene in the treatment of mycosis fungoides and sezary syndrome. Br J Dermatol 2007;156(6):1379–81. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 121 et al. Experience with total skin electron beam therapy in combination with extracorporeal photopheresis in the management of patients with erythrodermic (T4) mycosis fungoides. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;43:54–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , ,
- 122 PUVA, UVB, psoriasis, and nonmelanoma skin cancer. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993;29:1013–22. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 123 Consensus workshop on the toxic effects of long‐term PUVA therapy. Arch Dermatol 1998;134:595–8. Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 124 Quantitative studies on cutaneous erythema induced by ultraviolet radiation. Br J Dermatol 1984;111:673–82. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 125 Phototesting prior to narrowband (TL‐01) UV‐B phototherapy. Br J Dermatol 1998;139:811–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 126 Irradiation testing of the skin. In: Hawk JLM, ed. Photodermatology. London: Arnold, 1999:261–5. .
- 127 Validation of a semiautomated method of minimal erythema dose testing for narrowband ultraviolet B phototherapy. Br J Dermatol 2006;155(2):416–21. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 128 A randomized comparison of methods of selecting narrowband UV‐B starting dose to treat chronic psoriasis. Arch Dermatol 2011;147(2):168–74. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 129 Narrowband ultraviolet B (TL‐01) phototherapy for psoriasis: which incremental regimen? Br J Dermatol 1998;139:410–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 130 Narrow‐band (TL‐01) ultraviolet B phototherapy for chronic plaque psoriasis: three times or five times weekly treatment? Br J Dermatol 1998;138:833–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 131 Targeted UV‐B phototherapy for plaque‐type psoriasis. Arch Dermatol 2005;141:1542–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 132 A review of targeted ultraviolet B phototherapy for psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012;66(4):664–72. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 133 High‐dose 308‐nm excimer laser for the treatment of psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;46:732–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 134 Long‐term modified Goekerman regimen for psoriasis using an ultraviolet B light source in the home. J Am Acad Dermatol 1981;4:584–91. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , Jr, , .
- 135 Taking treatment to the patient: development of a home ultraviolet B phototherapy service. Br J Dermatol 2002;147:957–65. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 136 Home phototherapy: report on a workshop of the British Photodermatology Group, December 1996. Br J Dermatol 1999;140:195–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 137 Home versus outpatient ultraviolet B phototherapy for mild to severe psoriasis: pragmatic multicentre randomized controlled non‐inferiority trial (PLUTO study). BMJ 2009;338:1181–6. Cross Ref link , , , et al.
- 138 Home UVB phototherapy for psoriasis: is as safe and effective as outpatient treatment, but provision is poor. BMJ 2009;338:1153–4. Cross Ref link
- 139 Psoralen and ultraviolet light therapy for psoriasis. N Engl J Med 2007;357:682–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 140 Calculation of 8‐methoxypsoralen dose according to body surface area in PUVA treatment. Br J Dermatol 1995;133:919–23. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 141 Guidelines for topical PUVA: a report of a Workshop of the British Photodermatology Group. Br J Dermatol 2000;142:22–31. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 142 Skin photosensitizing and Langerhans' cell depleting activity of topical (bath) PUVA therapy: comparison of trimethylpsoralen and 8‐methoxypsoralen. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1983;63:137–41. , .
- 143 Time course of activity of topical 8‐methoxypsoralen on palmoplantar skin. Br J Dermatol 1992;127:654–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 144 The time‐course of psoralen ultraviolet A (PUVA) erythema. J Invest Dermatol 1999;113:346–50. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 145 A comparison of twice‐weekly MPD‐PUVA and three times‐weekly skin typing‐PUVA regimens for the treatment of psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 1995;133:417–22. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 146 8‐MOP PUVA for psoriasis: a comparison of a minimal phototoxic dose‐based regimen with a skin‐type approach. Br J Dermatol 1996;135:248–54. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 147 Response of psoriasis to twice weekly PUVA. Br J Dermatol 1993;128:166–71. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 148 Assessment of minimal phototoxic dose following 8‐methoxypsoralen bath: maximal reaction on average after 5 days. Br J Dermatol 2000;142:112–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 149 The time course of phototoxicity of topical PUVA: 8‐methoxypsoralen cream‐PUVA vs. 8‐methoxypsoralen gel‐PUVA. Br J Dermatol 1999;140:988–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 150 Enhanced response of psoriasis to UVB therapy after pretreatment with a lubricating base. A single‐blind controlled study. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1990;70:474–7. , , .
- 151 Psoriasis treatment with suberythemogenic ultraviolet B radiation and coal tar extract. J Am Acad Dermatol 1985;12:21–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 152 Clinical efficacy of narrow‐band UVB (311nm) combined with dithranol in psoriasis. An open pilot study. Dermatology 2000;200:35–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 153 Tazarotene in combination with phototherapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;39(4 Pt 2):S144–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 154 Combination TL01 ultraviolet B phototherapy and topical calcipotriol for psoriasis: a prospective randomized placebo‐controlled clinical trial. Br J Dermatol 2003;149:146–50. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 155 Calciotriol improves the response of psoriasis to PUVA. Br J Dermatol 1994;130:79–82. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 156 Topical calcitriol is degraded by ultraviolet light. J Invest Dermatol 2003;121:594–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 157 Evaluation of a multicentre study of synchronous application of narrowband ultraviolet B phototherapy (TL01) and bathing in Dead Sea salt solution for psoriasis vulgaris. Br J Dermatol 2000;142:740–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 158 A comparison of the efficacy and relapse rates of narrow‐band UVB (TL01) monotherapy vs. etretinate (re‐TL01) vs. etretinate‐PUVA (re‐PUVA) in the treatment of psoriasis patients. Br J Dermatol 1992;127:5–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 159 Oral retinoid use reduces cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma risk in patients with psoriasis treated with psoralen‐UVA: a nested cohort study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;49:644–50. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 160 Squamous cell cancer of the skin in patients given PUVA and ciclosporin: nested cohort study. Lancet 2001;358:1042–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 161 Narrowband UV‐B phototherapy, alefacept, and clearance of psoriasis. Arch Dermatol 2007;143:1016–22. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 162 Etanercept plus narrowband ultraviolet B phototherapy of psoriasis is more effective than etanercept monotherapy at 6 weeks. Br J Dermatol 2011;164:1383–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 163 311nm ultraviolet B‐accelerated response of psoriatic lesions in adalimumab‐treated patients. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2011;27:186–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 164 Treatment of 311‐nm ultraviolet B‐enhanced response of psoriatic lesions in ustekinumab‐treated patients: a randomized intraindividual trial. Br J Dermatol 2012;166:147–53. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 165 Photopheresis in the 1990's. J Clin Apheresis 1991;6:216–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 166 Dosage guidelines: extracorporeal photochemotherapy (photopheresis). Arch Dermatol 1990;126:1369. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 167 Pharmacokinetics of 8‐methoxypsoralen during extracorporeal photopheresis. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 1999;15:64–74. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 168 An intraindividual study of the characteristics of the characteristics of erythema induced by bath and oral methoxsalen photochemotherapy and narrowband ultraviolet B. Photochem Photobiol 2003;78:55–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 169 Adverse effects with PUVA and UVB. J Dermatol Treat 2001;12:101–5. Cross Ref link , .
- 170 Reactivation of latent herpes simplex virus infection by ultraviolet light: a human model. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987;17:473–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 171 Lesional blistering following narrow‐band (TL‐01) UVB phototherapy for psoriasis: a report of four cases. Br J Dermatol 1992;127:445–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 172 Treatment with UV‐B for psoriasis and non‐melanoma skin cancer. Arch Dermatol 1999;135:834–40. Pubmed link , , , .
- 173 Genital tumours among men with psoriasis exposed to psoralens and ultraviolet A radiation (PUVA) and ultraviolet B radiation. N Engl J Med 1990;322:1093–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link and Members of the Photochemotherapy Follow‐up Study.
- 174 Carcinogenicity of UVB phototherapy assessed. Lancet 1995;345:1431–2. Cross Ref link .
- 175 No evidence for increased skin cancer risk in psoriasis patients treated with broadband or narrowband UVB photherapy: a first retrospective study. Acta Derm Venereol 2004;84:370–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 176 The photocarcinogenic risk of narrowband UVB (TL01) phototherapy: early follow‐up data. Br J Dermatol 2005;152:755–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 177 Incidence of skin cancers in 3867 patients treated with narrow‐band ultraviolet B phototherapy. Br J Dermatol 2008;159:931–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 178 The time‐course of psoralen ultraviolet A (PUVA) erythema. J Invest Dermatol 1999;113:346–50. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 179 Assessment of minimal phototoxic dose following 8‐methoxypsoralen bath: maximal reaction on average after 5 days. Br J Dermatol 2000;142:112–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 180 Onycholysis in a case of atopic eczema treated with PUVA photochemotherapy. Clin Exp Dermatol 1992;17:65–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 181 Side‐effects of psoralen photochemotherapy (PUVA). Br J Dermatol 1990;122:S117–25. Cross Ref link .
- 182 Clinical pharmacology of oral psoralen drugs. Photodermatology 1984;1:174–86. Pubmed link , , .
- 183 Oral methoxsalen photochemotherapy for the treatment of psoriasis: a cooperative clinical trial. J Invest Dermatol 1977;68:328–35. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 184 Severe skin pain after PUVA treatment. Acta Derm Venereol 1979;59:467–70. Pubmed link .
- 185 Minimising the risks of PUVA treatment. Drug Safety 1993;8:340–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 186 PUVA‐induced itching and skin pain. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 1990;7:141–2. Pubmed link , .
- 187 Treatment of PUVA‐induced skin pain with capsaicin. Br J Dermatol 1994;131:584–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 188 Treatment of bath PUVA‐induced skin pain with gabapentin. Br J Dermatol 2004;151:516–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 189 Persistent skin pain after PUVA. Clin Exp Dermatol 1987;12:403–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , ,, et al.
- 190 Psoralen plus ultraviolet A‐induced bullous pemphigoid. J Drugs Dermatol 2008;7:695–6. Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 191 [Systemic photoallergy induced by methoxalen.] Ann Dermatol Venereol 1992;119:277–80. Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 192 Disseminated superficial actinic porokeratoses associated with topical PUVA. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;43:720–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 193 PUVA‐induced lichen planus. J Dermatol 2003;30:151–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 194 8‐methoxypsoralen and neurological disorders: from dysosmia to migraine. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2006;22:217–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 195 Allergic contact and photocontact dermatitis due to psoralens in patients with psoriasis treated with topical PUVA. Br J Dermatol 1991;124:37–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 196 Anaphylaxis to 8‐methoxypsoralen during photochemotherapy. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2003;19:37–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 197 Phototherapy for psoriasis: what to choose and how to use: facts and controversies. Clin Dermatol 2010;28:73–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 198 PUVA keratosis. A clinical and histopathologic entity associated with an increased risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993;28:412–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 199 The PUVA lentigo: an analysis of predisposing factors. J Invest Dermatol 1983;81:459–63. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 200 The PUVA induced pigmented macule: a lentiginous proliferation of large, sometimes cytologically atypical, melanocytes. J Am Acad Dermatol 1983;9:47–58. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 201 T1799A BRAF mutation is common in PUVA lentigines. J Invest Dermatol 2006;126:1915–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 202 Risks of cutaneous carcinoma in patients treated with oral methoxsalen photochemotherapy for psoriasis. N Engl J Med 1979;300:800–13. Cross Ref link , , , et al.
- 203 Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in patients treated with PUVA. N Engl J Med 1984;310:1156–61. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 204 Non‐melanoma skin cancer occurring in patients treated with PUVA five to ten years after first treatment. J Invest Dermatol 1988;91:120–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 205 The carcinogenic risk of treatments for severe psoriasis. Cancer 1994;73:2759–64. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 206 PUVA and cancer: a large‐scale epidemiological study. Lancet 1991;338:91–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 207 Comparison of the carcinogenic potential of Trioxsalen bath PUVA and oral methoxsalen PUVA. Arch Dermatol 1992;128:1341–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 208 PUVA and cancer risk: the Swedish follow‐up study. Br J Dermatol 1999;141:108–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 209 PUVA Follow‐up Study. The risk of squamous cell and basal cell cancer associated with psoralen and ultraviolet A therapy: a 30‐year prospective study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012;66:553–62. Cross Ref link Pubmed link ;
- 210 Keratoses and non‐melanoma skin tumours in long‐term photochemotherapy (PUVA). J Am Acad Dermatol 1980;3:406–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 211 Non‐melanoma skin tumours in long‐term photochemotherapy treatment of psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1986;15:960–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 212 Skin tumours in the European PUVA study. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987;16:108–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 213 Psoriasis therapy and the risk of skin cancers. Clin Exp Dermatol 1991;16:85–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 214 Synergistic carcinogenic potential of methotrexate and PUVA in psoriasis. Lancet 1983;29:235–6. Cross Ref link , , .
- 215 Multiple squamous cell carcinomas in a psoriatic patient following high‐dose photochemotherapy and cyclosporin treatment: response to long‐term acitretin maintenance. Br J Dermatol 1997;136:275–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 216 High levels of ultraviolet B exposure increase the risk of non‐melanoma skin cancer in psoralen and ultraviolet A‐treated patients. J Invest Dermatol 2005;124:505–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 217 Damage distribution and mutation spectrum: the case of 8‐methoxy‐psoralen and UVA in mammalian cells. Mutat Res 1991;263:217–22. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 218 Psoriasis, PUVA and skin cancer – molecular epidemiology the curious question of T–A transversions. J Invest Dermatol Symp Proc 1999;4:11–16. Cross Ref link , .
- 219 Disappearance of epidermal Langerhans cells during PUVA therapy. Br J Dermatol 1981;105:219–21. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
- 220 The effect of photochemotherapy (PUVA) on cell mediated immunity in the guinea pig. J Invest Dermatol 1981;77:377–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 221 Influence of whole body PUVA treatments on human peripheral blood NK cell activity. Photodermatology 1984;1:23–9. Pubmed link , , .
- 222 Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of methoxypsoralen plus UV‐A. Arch Dermatol 1984;120:662–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
- 223 Photocarcinogenicity of psoralens used in PUVA treatment: present status in mouse and man. J Photochem Photobiol Biol 1990;6:237–47. Cross Ref link .
- 224 An unexpected spectrum of p53 mutations from squamous cell carcinomas in patients treated with PUVA. Photochem Photobiol 1997;66:294–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 225 Ultraviolet exposure as the main initiator of p53 mutations in basal cell carcinomas from psoralen and ultraviolet A‐treated patients with psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 2001;117:365–70. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 226 p53 mutation in non‐melanoma skin cancers occurring in psoralen ultraviolet A‐treated patients: evidence for heterogeneity and field cancerization. J Invest Dermatol 2002;119:522–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 227 Trioxsalen bath PUVA did not increase the risk of squamous cell carcinoma and cutaneous malignant melanoma in a joint analysis of 944 Swedish and Finnish patients with psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 1999;141:497–501. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 228 Effect of psoralen plus ultraviolet A radiation on in vivo growth of melanoma cells. Cancer Res 1991;51:5893–7. Pubmed link , , .
- 229 Cutaneous pigmented melanocytic tumour in a mouse treated with psoralen plus ultraviolet A radiation. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 1990;7:28–31. Pubmed link , , .
- 230 Malignant melanoma in patients treated for psoriasis with methoxsalen (psoralen) and ultraviolet radiation (PUVA). N Engl J Med 1997;336:1041–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 231 The risk of melanoma in association with long‐term exposure to PUVA. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;44:755–61. Cross Ref link Pubmed link and the PUVA Follow up Study.
- 232 ‘High single‐dose’ European PUVA regimen also causes an excess of non‐melanoma skin cancer. Br J Dermatol 1991;124:49–55. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 233 Cutaneous neoplasia following PUVA therapy for psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 1996;134:639–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 234 Lymphoma rates are low but increased in patients with psoriasis: results from a population‐based cohort study in the United Kingdom. Arch Dermatol 2003;139:1425–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 235 Results of the PUVA Follow‐up Study. Arch Dermatol 2006;142:1132–5. . Lymphoma risk in psoriasis.
- 236 Noncutaneous malignant tumors in the PUVA follow‐up study: 1975–1996. J Invest Dermatol 1997;108:897–900. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 237 Potential ocular complications from PUVA therapy and their prevention. J Invest Dermatol 1980;74:197–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 238 Photosensitization of the lens by 8‐methoxypsoralen. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1977;16:1065–8. Pubmed link , , .
- 239 Minimising the risks of PUVA treatment. Drug Safety 1993;8:340–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 240 Ocular findings in patients treated with PUVA. J Invest Dermatol 1985;85:269–73. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 241 Ocular lens findings in patients treated with PUVA. Photochemotherapy Follow‐up Study. J Invest Dermatol 1994;103:534–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 242 Psoralen plus ultraviolet A does not increase the risk of cataract: a 25‐year prospective study. J Invest Dermatol 2007;57:231–7. , .
- 243 Ocular side effects of PUVA‐treated patients refusing eye sun protection. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl 1994;186:164–5. , , , et al.
- 244 Dose‐response and time‐course characteristics of UV‐A1 erythema. Arch Dermatol 2005;141:1549–55. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 245 UVA‐ induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimmers in DNA: a direct photochemical mechanism? Org Biomol Chem 2010;8:1706–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 246 Wavelength dependence of oxidative DNA damage induced by UV and visible light. Carcinogenesis 1997;18:811–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 247 Parenteral administration of 8‐methoxypsoralen in photopheresis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993;28:580–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 248 Extracorporeal photopheresis: a review. Blood Rev 2001;15:103–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 249 Photosensitizing drugs may lower the narrow‐band ultraviolet B (TL‐01) minimal erythema dose. Br J Dermatol 2000;142:389–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 250 Topical application of the immunosuppressant tacrolimus accelerates carcinogenesis in mouse skin. Br J Dermatol 2003;149:960–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 251 Protecting the eye from ultraviolet A radiation during photochemotherapy. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 1990;7:233–6. Pubmed link , .
- 252 Clear ultraviolet blocking lenses for use by PUVA patients. Br J Dermatol 1990;123:775–81. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 253 Clear eyewear for PUVA patients. Br J Dermatol 1992;127:657–78. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 254 Factors affecting the choice of a ceiling on the number of exposures with TL‐01 ultraviolet B phototherapy. Br J Dermatol 2003;149:428–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .