Introduction

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Poxvirus infections

Smallpox (variola)

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Vaccinia

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• 10  Silva‐Fernandes AT, Travassos CE, Ferreira JM, et al. Natural human infections with Vaccinia virus during bovine vaccinia outbreaks. J Clin Virol 2009;44:308–13.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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• 12  Young GE, Hidalgo CM, Sullivan‐Frohm A, et al. Secondary and tertiary transmission of vaccinia virus from US military service member. Emerg Infect Dis 2011;17:718–21.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 13  Hughes CM, Blythe D, Li Y, et al. Vaccinia virus infections in martial arts gym, Maryland, USA, 2008. Emerg Infect Dis 2011;17:730–3.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 14  Muzny CA, King H, Byers P, et al. Vulvar vaccinia infection after sexual contact with a smallpox vaccinee. Am J Med Sci 2009;337:289–91.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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• 16  Beachkofsky TM, Carrizales SC, Bidinger JJ, et al. Adverse events following smallpox vaccination with ACAM2000 in a military population. Arch Dermatol 2010;146:656–61.Pubmed link
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Monkeypox

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• 29  Dubois ME, Hammarlund E, Slifka MK. Optimization of peptide‐based ELISA for serological diagnostics: a retrospective study of human monkeypox infection. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2012 May;12:400–9.Cross Ref linkPubmed link

Cowpox

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• 33  Motley RJ, Holt PJ. Cowpox presenting with sporotrichoid spread: a case report. Br J Dermatol 1990;122:705–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 34  Dina J, Lefeuvre PF, Bellot A, et al. Genital ulcerations due to a cowpox virus: a misleading diagnosis of herpes. J Clin Virol 2011;50:345–7.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 35  Blackford S, Roberts DL, Thomas PD. Cowpox infection causing a generalized eruption in a patient with atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 1993;129:628–9.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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• 38  Gavrilova EV, Shcherbakov DN, Maksyutov RA, et al. Development of real‐time PCR assay for specific detection of cowpox virus. J Clin Virol 2010;49:37–40.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 39  Shchelkunov SN, Shcherbakov DN, Maksyutov RA, et al. Species‐specific identification of variola, monkeypox, cowpox, and vaccinia viruses by multiplex real‐time PCR assay. J Virol Methods 2011;175:163–9.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 40  Geerinck K, Lukito G, Snoeck R, et al. A case of human orf in an immunocompromised patient treated successfully with cidofovir cream. J Med Virol 2001;64:543–9.Cross Ref linkPubmed link

Buffalopox

• 41  Singh RK, Hosamani M, Balamurugan V, et al. Buffalopox: an emerging and re‐emerging zoonosis. Anim Health Res Rev 2007;8:105–14.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 42  Goyal T, Varshney A, Bakshi SK, et al. Buffalo pox outbreak with atypical features: a word of caution and need for early intervention! Int J Dermatol 2013;52:1224–30.Pubmed link
• 43  Venkatesan G, Balamurugan V, Prabhu M, et al. Emerging and re‐emerging zoonotic buffalopox infection: a severe outbreak in Kolhapur (Maharashtra), India. Vet Ital 2010;46:439–48.Pubmed link

Orf

• 44  Frandsen J, Enslow M, Bowen AR. Orf parapoxvirus infection from a cat scratch. Dermatol Online J 2011;17:9.Pubmed link
• 45  Kitchen M, Müller H, Zobl A, et al. Orf virus infection in a hunter in Western Austria, presumably transmitted by game. Acta Derm Venereol 2013;94:212–14.Cross Ref link
• 46  Malik M, Bharier M, Tahan S, et al. Orf acquired during religious observance. Arch Dermatol 2009;145:606–8.Pubmed link
• 47  Leavell UW Jr, McNamara MJ, Muelling R, et al. Orf. Report of 19 human cases with clinical and pathological observations. JAMA 1968;204:657–64.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 48  Groves RW, Wilson‐Jones E, MacDonald DM. Human orf and milkers' nodules: a clinicopathological study. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991;25:706–11.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 49  Midilli K, Erkiliç A, Kuşkucu M, et al. Nosocomial outbreak of disseminated orf infection in a burn unit, Gaziantep, Turkey, October to December 2012. Euro Surv. 2013;18:20425.
• 50  Weide B, Metzler G, Eigentler TK, et al. Inflammatory nodules around the axilla: an uncommon localization of orf virus infection. Clin Exp Dermatol 2009;34:240–2.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 51  Kandemir H, Ciftcioglu MA, Yilmaz E. Genital orf. Eur J Dermatol 2008;18:460–1.Pubmed link
• 52  Ballanger F, Barbarot S, Mollat C, et al. Two giant orf lesions in a heart/lung transplant patient. Eur J Dermatol 2006;16:284–6.Pubmed link
• 53  Rørdam OM, Grimstad Ø, Spigset O, et al. Giant orf with prolonged recovery in a patient with psoriatic arthritis treated with etanercept. Acta Derm Venereol 2013;93:487–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 54  Sasmaz S, Uzel M, Sener S, Ucmak H. Rare presentation of human orf as multiple lesions. J Dermatol 2011;38:825–6.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 55  Higgins E, Bennett M, Murphy A, et al. Disseminated parapox (orf) in a 13‐year‐old boy with atopic dermatitis following acupuncture. Clin Exp Dermatol 2011;36:809–11.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 56  Coskun O, Gul CH, Bilgeturk A, et al. Human orf complicated with erythema multiforme. Int J Dermatol 2008;47:1333–4.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 57  White KP, Zedek DC, White WL, et al. Orf‐induced immunobullous disease: A distinct autoimmune blistering disorder. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008;58:49–55.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 58  van den Bos RR, Middelburg T, van Biezen P, et al. Orf‐induced pemphigoid with antilaminin‐332 antibodies. Br J Dermatol 2012;167:956–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 59  Chan KW, Hsu WL, Wang CY, et al. Differential diagnosis of orf viruses by a single step PCR. J Virol Methods 2009;160:85–9.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 60  Du H, Li W, Hao W, et al. Taqman real‐time PCR assay based on ORFV024 gene for rapid detection of orf infection. Toxicol Mech Methods 2013;23:308–14.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 61  Degraeve C, De Coninck A, Senneseael J, et al. Recurrent contagious ecthyma (Orf) in an immunocompromised host successfully treated with cryotherapy. Dermatology 1999;198:162–3.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 62  Hunskaar S. A case of ecthyma contagiosum (human orf) treated with idoxuridine. Dermatologica 1984;168:207.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 63  Zaharia D, Kanitakis J, Pouteil‐Noble C, et al. Rapidly growing orf in a renal transplant recipient: favourable outcome with reduction of immunosuppression and imiquimod. Transpl Int 2010;23:e62–4.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 64  McCabe D, Weston B, Storch G. Treatment of orf poxvirus lesion with cidofovir cream. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2003;22:1027–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link

Milker's nodule

• 65  Lederman ER, Tao M, Reynolds MG, et al. An investigation of a cluster of parapoxvirus cases in Missouri, Feb–May 2006: Epidemiologic, clinical and molecular aspects. Animals 2013;3:142–57.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 66  Abrahão JS, Silva‐Fernandes AT, Assis FL, et al. Human Vaccinia virus and Pseudocowpox virus co‐infection: clinical description and phylogenetic characterization. J Clin Virol 2010;48:69–72.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 67  Wallace HJ. A note on milker's nodes. Br J Dermatol 1947;59:379–83.Cross Ref link
• 68  Kuokkanen K, Launis J, Mörttinen A. Erythema nodosum and erythema multiforme associated with milker's nodules. Acta Derm Venereol 1976;56:69–72.Pubmed link
• 69  Inoshima Y, Morooka A, Sentsui H. Detection and diagnosis of parapoxvirus by the polymerase chain reaction. J Virol Methods 2000;84:201–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 70  Zhao H, Wilkins K, Damon IK, et al. Specific qPCR assays for the detection of orf virus, pseudocowpox virus and bovine papular stomatitis virus. J Virol Methods 2013;194:229–34.Cross Ref linkPubmed link

Molluscum contagiosum

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• 72  Scholz J, Rosen‐Wolff A, Bugert J, et al. Epidemiology of molluscum contagiosum using genetic analysis of the viral DNA. J Med Virol 1989;27:87–90.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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• 75  Dohil MA, Lin P, Lee J, et al. The epidemiology of molluscum contagiosum in children. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;54:47–54.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 76  Kawahara A, Yoshida M. Detection of viral DNA in nonlesional skin of patients with molluscum contagiosum and on environmental fomites. Br J Dermatol 2009;160:1357–9.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 77  O'Connell C, Oranje A, Van Gysel D, Silverberg NB. Congenital molluscum contagiosum: report of four cases and review of the literature. Pediatr Dermatol 2008;25:553–6.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 78  Postlethwaite R, Watt JA, Hawley TG, et al. Features of molluscum contagiosum in the north‐east of Scotland and in Fijian village settlements. J Hyg (Lond) 1967;65:281–91.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 79  Kyriakis KP, Palamaras I, Terzoudi S, et al. Case detection rates of molluscum contagiosum in childhood. Pediatr Dermatol 2007;24:198–9.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 80  Niizeki K, Kano O, Kondo Y. An epidemic study of molluscum contagiosum. Relationship to swimming. Dermatologica 1984;169:197–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 81  Choong KY, Roberts LJ. Molluscum contagiosum, swimming and bathing: a clinical analysis. Australas J Dermatol 1999;40:89–92.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 82  Leslie KS, Dootson G, Sterling JC. Topical salicylic acid gel as a treatment for molluscum contagiosum in children. J Dermatol Treat 2005;16:336–40.Cross Ref link
• 83  Hayashida S, Furusho N, Uchi H, et al. Are lifetime prevalence of impetigo, molluscum and herpes infection really increased in children having atopic dermatitis? J Dermatol Sci 2010;60:173–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 84  Hellier FF. Profuse mollusca contagiosa of the face induced by corticosteroids. Br J Dermatol 1971;85:398.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 85  Goksugur N, Ozbostanci B, Goksugur SB. Molluscum contagiosum infection associated with pimecrolimus use in pityriasis alba. Pediatr Dermatol 2007;24:E63–5.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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• 87  Chen KW, Yang CF, Huang CT, et al. Molluscum contagiosum in a patient with adult T‐cell leukaemia/lymphoma. Br J Haematol 2011;155:286.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 88  Ganpule M, Garretts M. Molluscum contagiosum and sarcoidosis: report of a case. Br J Dermatol 1971;85:587–9.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 89  Böhm M, Luger TA, Bonsmann G. Disseminated giant molluscum contagiosum in a patient with idiopathic CD4+ lymphocytopenia. Successful eradication with systemic interferon. Dermatology 2008;217:196–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 90  Kharkar V, Kardekar S, Gutte R, et al. Disseminated molluscum contagiosum infection in a hyper IgE syndrome. Ind J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2012;78:371–4.Cross Ref link
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• 94  Antoniou C, Kosmadaki MG, Stratigos AJ, et al. Genital HPV lesions and molluscum contagiosum occurring in patients receiving anti‐TNF‐alpha therapy. Dermatology 2008;216:364–5.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 95  Madan V, August PJ. Facial molluscum contagiosum in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis taking methotrexate. Clin Exp Dermatol 2008;33:347.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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• 116  Attard NR, De Silva BD. Erythema multiforme associated with resolving molluscum contagiosum. Clin Exp Dermatol 2007;32:214–15.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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Tanapox

• 154  Jezek Z, Arita I, Szczeniowski M, et al. Human tanapox in Zaire: clinical and epidemiological observations on cases confirmed by laboratory studies. Bull WHO 1985;63:1027–35.Pubmed link
• 155  Dhar AD, Werchniak AE, Li Y, et al. Tanapox infection in a college student. N Engl J Med 2004;350:361–6.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 156  Zimmermann P, Thordsen I, Frangoulidis D, et al. Real‐time PCR assay for the detection of tanapox virus and yaba‐like disease virus. J Virol Methods 2005;130:149–53.Cross Ref linkPubmed link

Herpesvirus infections

Herpes simplex

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• 174  Dekio S, Kawasaki Y, Jidoi J. Herpes simplex on nipples inoculated from herpetic gingivostomatitis of a baby. Clin Exp Dermatol 1986;11:664–6.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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• 176  Greenberg MS, Friedman H, Cohen SG, et al. A comparative study of herpes simplex infections in renal transplant and leukemic patients. J Infect Dis 1987;156:280–7.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 177  Vonderheid EC, Milstein HJ, Thompson KD, et al. Chronic herpes simplex infection in cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas. Arch Dermatol 1980;116:1018–22.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 178  Ambo M. Relapsing Kaposi's varicelliform eruption and herpes simplex following facial tacrolimus treatment for atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol 2002;82:224–5.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 179  Lonsdale‐Eccles AA, Velangi S. Herpes simplex of the vulva evoked by topical tacrolimus treatment. Clin Exp Dermatol 2005;30:95–6.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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• 181  Rystedt I, Strannegard IL, Strannegard O. Recurrent viral infections in patients with past or present atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 1986;114:575–82.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 182  Leyden JJ, Baker DA. Localized herpes simplex infections in atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol 1979;115:311–12.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 183  David TJ, Longson M. Herpes simplex infections in atopic eczema. Arch Dis Child 1985;60:338–43.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 184  Kolokotronis A, Doumas S. Herpes simplex virus infection, with particular reference to the progression and complications of primary herpetic gingivostomatitis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2006;12:202–11.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 185  Smith JS, Robinson NJ. Age‐specific prevalence of infection with herpes simplex virus types 2 and 1: a global review. J Infect Dis 2002;186 (Suppl. 1):S3–28.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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• 189  Boddingius J, Dijkman H, van der Meijden W, et al. Replication characteristics and core size of intranuclear herpes simplex virus (HSV‐1) in genital skin lesions: electronmicroscopy studies of a biopsy from a female patient. J Med Microbiol 1987;24:93–103.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 190  Levitz RE. Herpes simplex encephalitis: a review. Heart Lung 1998;27:209–12.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 191  Corey L, Whitley RJ, Stone EF, et al. Difference between herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 neonatal encephalitis in neurological outcome. Lancet 1988;1:1–4.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 192  Norvell JP, Blei AT, Jovanovic BD, et al. Herpes simplex virus hepatitis: an analysis of the published literature and institutional cases. Liver Transpl 2007;13:1428–34.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 193  Sharma S, Mosunjac M. Herpes simplex hepatitis in adults: a search for muco‐cutaneous clues. J Clin Gastroenterol 2004;38:697–704.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 194  Graham BS, Snell JD Jr. Herpes simplex virus infection of the adult lower respiratory tract. Medicine (Baltimore) 1983;62:384–93.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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• 196  Hubbell C, Dominguez R, Kohl S. Neonatal herpes simplex pneumonitis. Rev Infect Dis 1988;10:431–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 197  Brown P, Taylor B. Herpes simplex infection associated with pemphigus vulgaris. Case report and literature review. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;21:1126–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 198  Hale EK, Bystryn JC. Atypical herpes simplex can mimic a flare of disease activity in patients with pemphigus vulgaris. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 1999;13:221–3.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 199  Niederecker C, Tappeiner G, Wolff K. Generalized herpes simplex infection complicating bullous pemphigoid. Br J Dermatol 1995;132:484–6.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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• 201  Wahba A, Cohen HA. Herpes simplex virus isolation from pyoderma gangrenosum lesions in a patient with chronic lymphatic leukemia. Dermatologica 1979;158:373–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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• 210  Amir J. Clinical aspects and antiviral therapy in primary herpetic gingivostomatitis. Paediatr Drugs 2001;3:593–7.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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• 213  Slavin HB, Ferguson JJ Jr. Zoster‐like eruptions caused by the virus of herpes simplex. Am J Med 1950;8:456–67.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 214  Fletcher PG, Sterling JC. Recurrent herpes simplex virus type 2 infection of the hand complicated by persistent lymphoedema. Australas J Dermatol 2005;46:110–13.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 215  Shearer ML, Finch SM. Periodic organic psychosis associated with recurrent herpes simplex. N Engl J Med 1964;271:494–7.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 216  Sekizawa T, Nakamura S, Kogure K, et al. Idiopathic third cranial nerve palsy associated with herpes simplex virus infection. BMJ (Clin Res Edn) 1987;295:813.Cross Ref link
• 217  Maruri CA, Diaz LA. A rare case of Mauriac neuralgic genital herpes. Int J Dermatol 1972;11:140–3.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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• 219  Howard WR, Taylor JS, Steck WD. Lymphatic complications of manual herpes simplex infection. Cutis 1979;23:580–3.Pubmed link
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• 221  Singla R, Brodell RT. Erythema multiforme due to herpes simplex virus. Recurring target lesions are the clue to diagnosis. Postgrad Med 1999;106:151–4.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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• 225  Kampgen E, Burg G, Wank R. Association of herpes simplex virus‐induced erythema multiforme with the human leukocyte antigen DQw3. Arch Dermatol 1988;124:1372–5.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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• 228  Schofield JK, Tatnall FM, Leigh IM. Recurrent erythema multiforme: clinical features and treatment in a large series of patients. Br J Dermatol 1993;128:542–5.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 229  Huff JC. Acyclovir for recurrent erythema multiforme caused by herpes simplex. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988;18:197–9.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 230  Bakis S, Zagarella S. Intermittent oral cyclosporin for recurrent herpes simplex‐associated erythema multiforme. Australas J Dermatol 2005;46:18–20.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 231  Kurkcuoglu N, Alli N. Cimetidine prevents recurrent erythema multiforme major resulting from herpes simplex virus infection. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;21:814–15.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 232  Furuta Y, Fukuda S, Chida E, et al. Reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 1 in patients with Bell's palsy. J Med Virol 1998;54:162–6.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 233  Murakami S, Mizobuchi M, Nakashiro Y, et al. Bell palsy and herpes simplex virus: identification of viral DNA in endoneurial fluid and muscle. Ann Intern Med 1996;124:27–30.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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• 235  Tedder DG, Ashley R, Tyler KL, et al. Herpes simplex virus infection as a cause of benign recurrent lymphocytic meningitis. Ann Intern Med 1994;121:334–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 236  Spruance SL. Prophylactic chemotherapy with acyclovir for recurrent herpes simplex labialis. J Med Virol 1993;Suppl. 1:27–32.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 237  Crumpacker CS. Significance of resistance of herpes simplex virus to acyclovir. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988;18:190–5.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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• 239  Parker AC, Craig JI, Collins P, et al. Acyclovir‐resistant herpes simplex virus infection due to altered DNA polymerase. Lancet 1987;2:1461.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 240  Rooney JF, Bryson Y, Mannix ML, et al. Prevention of ultraviolet‐light‐induced herpes labialis by sunscreen. Lancet 1991;338:1419–22.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 241  Beeson WH, Rachel JD. Valacyclovir prophylaxis for herpes simplex virus infection or infection recurrence following laser skin resurfacing. Dermatol Surg 2002;28:331–6.Pubmed link
• 242  Bisaccia E, Scarborough D. Herpes simplex virus prophylaxis with famciclovir in patients undergoing aesthetic facial CO₂ laser resurfacing. Cutis 2003;72:327–8.Pubmed link
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• 246  Raborn GW, McGaw WT, Grace M, et al. Treatment of herpes labialis with acyclovir. Review of three clinical trials. Am J Med 1988;85:39–42.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 247  Seth AK, Misra A, Umrigar D. Topical liposomal gel of idoxuridine for the treatment of herpes simplex: pharmaceutical and clinical implications. Pharm Dev Technol 2004;9:277–89.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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• 252  Straus SE, Smith HA, Brickman C, et al. Acyclovir for chronic mucocutaneous herpes simplex virus infection in immunosuppressed patients. Ann Intern Med 1982;96:270–7.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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Primary herpes genitalis

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• 304  BASHH and Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Management of genital herpes in pregnancy. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 2014 https://www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelines/management‐genital‐herpes.pdf (last accessed February 2015).
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• 311  Anderson BJ. The epidemiology and clinical analysis of several outbreaks of herpes gladiatorum. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003;35:1809–14.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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Varicella‐zoster virus infections

Chickenpox and shingles

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• 332  Illingworth RS, Zachary RB. Superficial gangrene of the skin in chickenpox. Arch Dis Child 1955;30:177–9.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 333  Cortes JR, Arratia JA, Jaime R. A 12‐month‐old infant with Fournier gangrene associated with varicella. Pediatr Emerg Care 2007;23:719–20.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 334  al‐Langawi M, al‐Marri MR, al Soub H. Rhabdomyolysis associated with varicella infection. Int J Clin Pract 2001;55:484–5.Pubmed link
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• 336  Lichtenstein PK, Heubi JE, Daugherty CC, et al. Grade I Reye's syndrome. A frequent cause of vomiting and liver dysfunction after varicella and upper‐respiratory‐tract infection. N Engl J Med 1983;309:133–9.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 337  Bay A, Akdeniz N, Calka O, et al. Primary varicella infection associated with Stevens‐Johnson syndrome in a Turkish child. J Dermatol 2005;32:745–50.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 338  Christou EM, Wargon O. Stevens–Johnson syndrome after varicella vaccination. Med J Aust 2012;194:240–1.Cross Ref link
• 339  Prais D, Grisuru‐Soen G, Barzilai A, et al. Varicella zoster virus infection associated with erythema multiforme in children. Infection 2001;29:37–9.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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• 341  Rice P, Simmons K, Carr R, et al. Near fatal chickenpox during prednisolone treatment. BMJ 1994;309:1069–70.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 342  Nikkels AF, Snoeck R, Rentier B, et al. Chronic verrucous varicella zoster virus skin lesions: clinical, histological, molecular and therapeutic aspects. Clin Exp Dermatol 1999;24:346–53.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 343  Leung AK, Kao CP, Sauve RS. Scarring resulting from chickenpox. Pediatr Dermatol 2001;18:378–80.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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• 345  Gershon AA, Steinberg SP, Gelb L. Clinical reinfection with varicella‐zoster virus. J Infect Dis 1984;149:137–42.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 346  Mehta SK, Gilden D, Crucian BE, et al. A case report: PCR‐assisted diagnosis of Varicella in an adult. Open J Med Microbiol 2012;2(3).Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 347  Leung J, Harpaz R, Baughman AL, et al. Evaluation of laboratory methods for diagnosis of varicella. Clin Infect Dis 2010;51:23–32.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 348  Puchhammer‐Stockl E, Popow‐Kraupp T, Heinz FX, et al. Detection of varicella‐zoster virus DNA by polymerase chain reaction in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients suffering from neurological complications associated with chicken pox or herpes zoster. J Clin Microbiol 1991;29:1513–16.Pubmed link
• 349  Coffin SE, Hodinka RL. Utility of direct immunofluorescence and virus culture for detection of varicella‐zoster virus in skin lesions. J Clin Microbiol 1995;33:2792–5.Pubmed link
• 350  Annunziato P, Lungu O, Gershon A, et al. In situ hybridization detection of varicella zoster virus in paraffin‐embedded skin biopsy samples. Clin Diagn Virol 1996;7:69–76.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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• 354  Levin MJ, Gershon AA, Weinberg A, et al. Administration of live varicella vaccine to HIV‐infected children with current or past significant depression of CD4(+) T cells. J Infect Dis 2006;194:247–55.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 355  Gershon AA, Steinberg SP. Persistence of immunity to varicella in children with leukemia immunized with live attenuated varicella vaccine. N Engl J Med 1989;320:892–7.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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• 358  Geiser CF, Bishop Y, Myers M, et al. Prophylaxis of varicella in children with neoplastic disease: comparative results with zoster immune plasma and gamma globulin. Cancer 1975;35:1027–30.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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• 360  Breuer J, Fifer H. Chickenpox. Clin Evid (Online) 2011 Apr 11;2011:pii: 0912.
• 361  Shrim A, Koren G, Yudin MH, Farine D. Management of varicella infection (chickenpox) in pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2012;34:287–92.Pubmed link
• 362  Carter PE, Duffy P, Lloyd DJ. Neonatal varicella infection. Lancet 1986;2:1459–60.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 363  Sills JA, Galloway A, Amegavie L, et al. Acyclovir in prophylaxis and perinatal varicella. Lancet 1987;1:161.
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• 365  Centers for Disease Control. Varicella‐zoster immune globulin for the prevention of chickenpox. Recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee, Centers for Disease Control. Ann Intern Med 1984;100:859–65.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 366  Perren TJ, Powles RL, Easton D, et al. Prevention of herpes zoster in patients by long‐term oral acyclovir after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Am J Med 1988;85:99–101.Pubmed link
• 367  Asano‐Mori Y, Kanda Y, Oshima K, et al. Long‐term ultra‐low‐dose acyclovir against varicella‐zoster virus reactivation after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Am J Hematol 2008;83:472–6.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 368  Balfour HH Jr, Edelman CK, Anderson RS, et al. Controlled trial of acyclovir for chickenpox evaluating time of initiation and duration of therapy and viral resistance. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2001;20:919–26.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 369  Al‐Nakib W, Al‐Kandari S, El‐Khalik DM, et al. A randomised controlled study of intravenous acyclovir (Zovirax) against placebo in adults with chickenpox. J Infect 1983;6:49–56.
• 370  Feder HM Jr. Treatment of adult chickenpox with oral acyclovir. Arch Intern Med 1990;150:2061–5.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 371  Pergam SA, Limaye AP, AST Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Varicella zoster virus in solid organ transplantation. Am J Transplant 2013;13 Suppl. 4:138–46.Cross Ref linkPubmed link

Zoster

• 372  Sampathkumar P, Drage LA, Martin DP. Herpes zoster (shingles) and postherpetic neuralgia. Mayo Clin Proc 2009 Mar;84(3):274–80.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 373  Yawn BP, Saddier P, Wollan PC, et al. A population‐based study of the incidence and complication rates of herpes zoster before zoster vaccine introduction. Mayo Clin Proc 2007;82:1341–9.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 374  Gershon AA, Gershon MD, Breuer J, et al. Advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis and epidemiology of herpes zoster. J Clin Virol 2010;48 Suppl. 1:S2–7.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 375  Lai‐Kwon J, Weiland TJ, Chong AH, Jelinek GA. Which dermatological conditions present to an emergency department in Australia? Emerg Med Int. 2014;2014:463026.Pubmed link
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• 378  Esiri MM, Tomlinson AH. Herpes zoster. Demonstration of virus in trigeminal nerve and ganglion by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. J Neurol Sci 1972;15:35–48.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 379  Ebert MH. Histologic changes in sensory nerves of the skin in herpes zoster. Arch Derm Syphilol 1949;60:641–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 380  Muller SA, Winkelmann RK. Cutaneous nerve changes in zoster. J Invest Dermatol 1969;52:71–7.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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• 383  Bilimoria S, Hutton WN, Keczkes K. Herpes zoster and electrocardiographic changes. Br J Clin Pract 1982;36:404, 407.
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• 385  Lewkonia IK, Jackson AA. Infantile herpes zoster after intrauterine exposure to varicella. BMJ 1973;3:149.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 386  Akiyama N. Herpes zoster infection complicated by motor paralysis. J Dermatol 2000;27:252–7.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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• 388  Fugelso PD, Reed WB, Newman SB, et al. Herpes zoster of the anogenital area affecting urination and defaecation. Br J Dermatol 1973;89:285–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 389  Kost RG, Straus SE. Postherpetic neuralgia – pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention. N Engl J Med 1996;335:32–42.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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• 391  Nagel MA. Varicella zoster virus vasculopathy: clinical features and pathogenesis. J Neurovirol 2014;20:157–63.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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• 393  Vonderheid EC, van Voorst Vader PC. Herpes zoster‐varicella in cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas. Arch Dermatol 1980;116:408–12.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 394  Guinee VF, Guido JJ, Pfalzgraf KA, et al. The incidence of herpes zoster in patients with Hodgkin's disease. An analysis of prognostic factors. Cancer 1985;56:642–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 395  Schuchter LM, Wingard JR, Piantadosi S, et al. Herpes zoster infection after autologous bone marrow transplantation. Blood 1989;74:1424–7.Pubmed link
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• 397  Di Costanzo L, Ayala F, Megna M, et al. The risk of herpes zoster in the anti‐TNF‐α era: a case report and review of the literature. J Dermatol Case Rep 2013;307:1–4.
• 398  Wollina U, Gemmeke A. Herpes zoster‐associated erythema multiforme. J Dermatol Case Rep 2009;3:11–13.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 399  Watanabe D, Kuhara T, Ishida N, et al. Sarcoid tissue reaction on herpes zoster scars in a myelodysplastic syndrome patient: Wolf's isotopic response. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2009;23:475–7.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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