Introduction

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Mycobacterial infection

Classification

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Epidemiology

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• 23  Atkins BL, Gottlieb T. Skin and soft tissue infections caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2014;27(2):137–45. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 24  Winthrop KL, Baxter R, Liu L, et al. Mycobacterial diseases and antitumour necrosis factor therapy in USA. Ann Rheum Dis 2013;72(1):37–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 28  Horsburgh CR, Jr. Mycobacterium avium complex infection in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 1991;324(19):1332–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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Basic biology

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• 32  Salgado E, Gomez‐Reino JJ. The risk of tuberculosis in patients treated with TNF antagonists. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2011;7(3):329–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 33  Koch R. Forsetzung über ein Heilmittelgegen Tuberculose. Deut Med Wochenschr 1891;17:101–2. Cross Ref link
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• 35  Balasubramanian R, Sivasubramanian S, Vijayan VK, et al. Five year results of a 3‐month and two 5‐month regimens for the treatment of sputum‐positive pulmonary tuberculosis in south India. Tubercle 1990;71(4):253–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 38  Ramakrishnan L. Revisiting the role of the granuloma in tuberculosis. Nat Rev Immunol 2012;12(5):352–66. Pubmed link
• 39  Rahman A, Sobia P, Gupta N, et al. Mycobacterium tuberculosis subverts the TLR‐2‐MyD88 pathway to facilitate its translocation into the cytosol. PLOS One 2014;9(1):e86886. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 41  Dorhoi A, Desel C, Yeremeev V, et al. The adaptor molecule CARD9 is essential for tuberculosis control. J Exp Med 2010;207(4):777–92. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 42  Serbina NV, Lazarevic V, Flynn JL. CD4(+) T cells are required for the development of cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. J Immunol 2001;167(12):6991–7000. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 43  De Martino M, Galli L, Chiappini E. Reflections on the immunology of tuberculosis: will we ever unravel the skein? BMC Infect Dis 2014;14(Suppl. 1):S1. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 44  Poulsen A. Some clinical features of tuberculosis. 1. Incubation period. Acta Tuberc Scand 1950;24(3–4):311–46. Pubmed link
• 45  Wallgren A. The time‐table of tuberculosis. Tubercle 1948;29(11):245–51. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 46  Larson RP, Shafiani S, Urdahl KB. Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells in tuberculosis. Adv Exp Med Biol 2013;783:165–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 47  Onishi Y, Fehervari Z, Yamaguchi T, Sakaguchi S. Foxp3 + natural regulatory T cells preferentially form aggregates on dendritic cells in vitro and actively inhibit their maturation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008;105(29):10113–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 48  Eruslanov EB, Lyadova IV, Kondratieva TK, et al. Neutrophil responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in genetically susceptible and resistant mice. Infect Immun 2005;73(3):1744–53. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 49  Berry MP, Graham CM, McNab FW, et al. An interferon‐inducible neutrophil‐driven blood transcriptional signature in human tuberculosis. Nature 2010;466(7309):973–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 50  Nandi B, Behar SM. Regulation of neutrophils by interferon‐gamma limits lung inflammation during tuberculosis infection. J Exp Med 2011;208(11):2251–62. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 51  Cruz A, Fraga AG, Fountain JJ, et al. Pathological role of interleukin 17 in mice subjected to repeated BCG vaccination after infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Exp Med 2010;207(8):1609–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Diagnostic tests for tuberculosis

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• 63  British Thoracic Society Standards of Care C. BTS recommendations for assessing risk and for managing Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and disease in patients due to start anti‐TNF‐alpha treatment. Thorax 2005;60(10):800–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 64  Smith CH, Anstey AV, Barker JN, et al. British Association of Dermatologists' guidelines for biologic interventions for psoriasis 2009. Br J Dermatol 2009;161(5):987–1019. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 66  Sivamani RK, Goodarzi H, Garcia MS, et al. Biologic therapies in the treatment of psoriasis: a comprehensive evidence‐based basic science and clinical review and a practical guide to tuberculosis monitoring. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2013;44(2):121–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 67  Van Ingen J. Diagnosis of nontuberculous mycobacterial infections. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2013;34(1):103–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 68  Boehme CC, Nabeta P, Hillemann D, et al. Rapid molecular detection of tuberculosis and rifampin resistance. N Engl J Med 2010;363(11):1005–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 69  Steingart KR, Schiller I, Horne DJ, et al. Xpert(R) MTB/RIF assay for pulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;Issue 1:CD009593. Pubmed link
• 70  Denkinger CM, Schumacher SG, Boehme CC, et al. Xpert MTB/RIF assay for the diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Eur Respir J 2014;44(2):435–46. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 71  Panda A, Kurapati S, Samantaray JC, et al. Rapid identification of clinical mycobacterial isolates by protein profiling using matrix assisted laser desorption ionization‐time of flight mass spectrometry. Indian J Med Microbiol 2013;31(2):117–22. Pubmed link
• 72  Minion J, Leung E, Talbot E, et al. Diagnosing tuberculosis with urine lipoarabinomannan: systematic review and meta‐analysis. Eur Respir J 2011;38(6):1398–405. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Tuberculosis of the skin

• 73  Ormerod LP, Charlett A, Gilham C, et al. Geographical distribution of tuberculosis notifications in national surveys of England and Wales in 1988 and 1993. Thorax 1998;53:176–81. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 76  European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control/WHO Regional Office for Europe. Tuberculosis Surveillance and Monitoring in Europe 2012. Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2012.

Classification

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• 78  Hara K, Tsuzuki T, Takagi N, et al. Nodular granulomatous phlebitis of the skin: a fourth type of tuberculid. Histopathology 1997;30:129–34. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 79  Motswaledi HM, Schulz EJ. Superficial thrombophlebitic tuberculide. Int J Dermatol 2006;45:1337–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 80  Yates VM, Ormerod LP. Cutaneous tuberculosis in Blackburn district (U.K.): a 15 year prospective series. Br J Dermatol 1997;136:483–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 81  Visser AJ, Heyl T. Skin tuberculosis as seen at Ga‐Rankuwa Hospital. Clin Exp Dermatol 1993;18:507–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 82  Wong KO, Lee KP, Chui SF. Tuberculosis of the skin in Hong Kong (a review of 160 cases). Br J Dermatol 1968;80:424–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 83  Chang LY, Lo KK. Cutaneous tuberculosis in Hong Kong: a ten year retrospective study. Int J Dermatol 1995;34:26–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 84  Ho CK, Ho MH, Chong LY. Cutaneous tuberculosis in Hong Kong: an update. Hong Kong Med J 2006;12:272–7. Pubmed link
• 85  Vashisht P, Sahoo B, Khurana N, et al. Cutaneous tuberculosis in children and adolescents: a clinicohistiological study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venerol 2006;21:40–7. Cross Ref link
• 86  Kumar B, Rai R, Kaur I, et al. Childhood cutaneous tuberculosis: a study over 25 years from northern India. Int J Dermatol 2001;40:26–32. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 87  Varshney A, Goyal T. Incidence of various clinico‐morphological variants of cutaneous tuberculosis and HIV concurrence: a study from the Indian subcontinent. Ann Saudi Med 2011;31:134–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 88  Bhutto AM, Solangi A, Khaskhely NM, et al. Clinical and epidemiological observations of cutaneous tuberculosis in Larkana, Pakistan. Int J Dermatol 2002;41:159–65. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 89  Hamada M, Urabe K, Moroi Y, et al. Epidemiology of cutaneous tuberculosis in Japan: a retrospective study from 1906 to 2002. Int J Dermatol 2004;43:727–31. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 90  Terranova M, Padovese V, Fornari U, et al. Clinical and epidemiological study of cutaneous tuberculosis in northern Ethiopia. Dermatol 2008;217:89–93. Cross Ref link
• 91  Zouhair K, Akhdari N, Nejjam F, et al. Cutaneous tuberculosis in Morocco. Int J Inf Dis 2006;11:209–12. Cross Ref link
• 92  Dwari BC, Ghosh A, Paudel R, et al. A clinicoepidemiological study of 50 cases of cutaneous tuberculosis in a tertiary care teaching hospital in Pokhara, Nepal. Indian J Dermatol 2010;55:233–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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General description

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• 99  Kumar B, Rai R, Kaur I, et al. Childhood cutaneous tuberculosis: a study over 25 years from northern India. Int J Dermatol 2001;40:26–32. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 101  Zouhir K, Akhdari N, Nejjam F, et al. Cutaneous tuberculosis in Morocco. Int J Infect Dis 2007;11:209–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 102  Varshney A, Goyal T. Incidence of various clinco‐morphological variants of cutaneous tuberculosis and HIV concurrence: a study from the Indian subcontinent. Ann Saudi Med 2011;31:134–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Basic biology

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Diagnostic tests for cutaneous tuberculosis

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• 127  Hsiao PF, Tzen CY, Chen HC, et al. Polymerase chain reaction based detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in tissues showing granulomatous inflammation without demonstrable acid‐fast bacilli. Int J Dermatol 2003;42:281–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 128  Steidl M, Neubert U, Volkenandt M, et al. Lupus vulgaris confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. Br J Dermatol 1993;129:314–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 129  Nachbar F, Classen V, Nachbar T, et al. Orificial tuberculosis: detection by polymerase chain reaction. Br J Dermatol 1996;135:106–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 130  Penneys NS, Craig L, Leonardi MD, et al. Identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA in five different types of cutaneous lesions by the polymerase chain reaction. Arch Dermatol 1993;129:1594–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 131  Victor T, Jordaans HF, van Niekerk DJ, et al. Papulonecrotic tuberculid: identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA by polymerase chain reaction. Am J Dermatopathol 1992;14:491–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 132  Ben Jazia E, Hachfi W, Trimech M, et al. Detection of mycobacterial tuberculosis DNA in lichen scrofulosorum. Am Acad Dermatol 2006;55:54–5. Cross Ref link
• 133  Tan SH, Tan HH, Sun YJ, et al. Clinical utility of polymerase chain reaction in cutaneous tuberculosis and tuberculids. Ann Acad Med Singapore 2001;30:3–10. Pubmed link
• 134  Sentrunk N, Sahin S, Kocagoz T. Polymerase chain reaction in cutaneous tuberculosis: is it a reliable diagnostic method in paraffin‐embedded tissue? Int J Dermatol 2002;4:863–6.
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Treatment

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Tuberculosis and anti‐TNF‐α treatment

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Primary inoculation tuberculosis

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Scrofuloderma

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Orificial tuberculosis

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Acute cutaneous miliary tuberculosis

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Metastatic tuberculous abscess

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Warty tuberculosis

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Lupus vulgaris

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Tuberculids

Basic biology

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Lichen scrofulosorum

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• 360  Terranova M, Padovese V, Fournari U, et al. Clinical and epidemiological study of cutaneous tuberculosis in Northern Ethiopia. Dermatology 2008;217:89–93. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 361  Jacobson G, Samolitis NJ, Harris RM. Lichenoid eruption in a patient with AIDS. Arch Dermatol 2006;142:385–90
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Papulonecrotic tuberculid

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• 388  Quirós E, Bettinardi A, Quirós A, et al. Detection of mycobacterial DNA in papulonecrotic tuberculid by polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Lab Anal 2000;14:133–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 390  Moon SH, Shin MK, Lee MH. Case of simultaneous occurrence of papulonecrotic tuberculid and erythema induratum. J Dermatol 2013;40:138–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 398  Callahan EF, Licata AL, Madison JF. Cutaneous Mycobacterium kansassi infecton associated with a papulonecrotic tuberculid reaction. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;36:497–99. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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Erythema induratum of Bazin

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• 429  Yen A, Fearneyhough P, Rady P, et al. Erythema induratum of Bazin as a tuberculid: confirmation of mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA polymerase chain reaction analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;36:99–101. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 430  Degitz K, Steidl M, Thomas P. Aetiology of tuberculids. Lancet 1993;341:239–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 431  Jordaan HF, Schneider JW, Abdulla EAK. Nodular tuberculid: a report of four patients. Pediatr Dermatol 2000;17:183–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 433  Motswaledi HM, Schulz EJ. Superficial thrombophlebitic tuberculide. Int J Dermatol 2006;45:1337–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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