Infection with human nemaotodes

    Onchocerciasis

    • 1  Brattig NW. Pathogenesis and host responses in human onchocerciasis: impact of Onchocerca filariae and Wolbachia endobacteria. Microbes Infect 2004;6:113. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 2  Basáñez MG, Pion SD, Churcher TS, et al. River blindness: a success story under threat? PLoS Med 2006;3:e371. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 3  Connor DH, Morrison NE, Kerdel‐Vegas F, et al. Onchocerciasis. Onchocercal dermatitis, lymphadenitis and elephantiasis in the Ubangi territory. Hum Pathol 1970;1:553–79. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 4  Gibson DW, Heggie C, Connor DH. Clinical and pathologic aspects of onchocerciasis. Pathol Annu 1980;15:195–240. Pubmed link
    • 5  Mackenzie CD. Eosinophil leukocytes in filarial infections. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1980;74:51–8. Cross Ref link
    • 6  Connor DH, Gibson DW, Neafie RC, et al. Sowda–onchocerciasis in North Yemen. A clinicopathologic study of 18 patients. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1983;32:123–37. Pubmed link
    • 7  Garate T, Conraths FJ, Harnett W, et al. Identification of Onchocerca volvulus collagen as an antigen mainly recognised by antibodies in chronic hyper‐reactive onchodermatitis (sowda). Am J Trop Med Hyg 1996;54:490–7. Pubmed link
    • 8  Akuffo H, Maasho K, Lavebratt C, et al. Ivermectin‐induced immunopotentiation in onchocerciasis; recognition of selected antigens following a single dose of ivermectin. Clin Exp Immunol 1996;103:244–52. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 9  Boatin BA, Richards FO Jr. Control of onchocerciasis. Adv Parasitol 2006;61:349–94. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 10  Hay RJ, Mackenzie CD, Guderian R, et al. Onchodermatitis – correlation between skin disease and parasitic load in an endemic focus in Ecuador. Br J Dermatol 1989;121:187–98. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 11  Murdoch M, Hay RJ, Mackenzie CD, et al. A new clinical classification for the skin lesions of onchocerciasis. Br J Dermatol 1993;129:260–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 12  Ezzedine K, Malvy D, Dhaussy I, et al. Onchocerciasis‐associated limb swelling in a traveler returning from Cameroon. J Travel Med 2006;13:50–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 13  Connor DH, Gibson DW, Neafie RC, et al. Sowda–onchocerciasis in North Yemen. A clinicopathologic study of 18 patients. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1983;32:123–37. Pubmed link
    • 14  Mackenzie CD, Williams JF, O'Day J, et al. Onchocerciasis in South‐Western Sudan; parasitological and clinical characteristics. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1987;36:371–82. Pubmed link
    • 15  Nelson GS. Hanging groin and hernia, complications of onchocerciasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1958;52:272–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 16  Guderian RH, Swanson D, Casillo R, et al. Onchocerciasis in Ecuador. 1. Prevalence and distribution in the province of Esmeraldas. Trop Med Parasitol 1983;34:143–8.
    • 17  Prost A, Nebout M, Rougement A. Lepromatous leprosy and onchocerciasis. BMJ 1979;i:589–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 18  Brown R, Shannon R. Prevalence, intensity and ocular manifestations of Onchocerca volvulus infection in Dimbelenge, Zaire. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 1989;69:137–42. Pubmed link
    • 19  Aziz MA, Diallo S, Diop IM, et al. Efficacy and tolerance of ivermectin in human onchocerciasis. Lancet 1982;ii:171–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 20  Whitworth JA, Downham MD, Lahai G, Maude GH. A community trial of ivermectin for onchocerciasis in Sierra Leone: compliance and parasitological profiles after three and a half years of intervention. Trop Med Int Health 1996;1:52–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 21  Godfrey‐Faussett P, Dow C, Black EM, Bryceson ADM. Ivermectin in the treatment of onchocerciasis in Britain. Trop Med Parasitol 1991;42:82–4. Pubmed link
    • 22  Rothova A, van der Lelij A, Stilma JS, et al. Side effects of ivermectin in treatment of onchocerciasis. Lancet 1989;i:1439–41. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 23  Mas J, Ascaso C, Escaramis G, et al. Reduction in the prevalence and intensity of infection in Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae according to ethnicity and community after 8 years of ivermectin treatment on the island of Bioko, Equatorial Guinea. Trop Med Internat Health 2006;11:1082–91. Cross Ref link
    • 24  Hoerauf A, Specht S, Büttner M, et al. Wolbachia endobacteria depletion by doxycycline as antifilarial therapy has macrofilaricidal activity in onchocerciasis: a randomized placebo‐controlled study. Med Microbiol Immunol 2008;197:295–311. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 25  Hoerauf A, Mand S, Adjei O, et al. Depletion of Wolbachia endobacteria in Onchocerca volvulus by doxycycline and microfilaridermia after ivermectin treatment. Lancet 2001;357:1415. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 26  Guderian RH, Proano R, Beck B, et al. The reduction in microfilarial loads in the skin and eye after nodulectomy in Ecuadorian onchocerciasis. Trop Med Parasitol 1987;38:272–8.

    Streptocerciasis

    • 27  Fischer P, Bamuhiiga J, Büttner DW. Treatment of human Mansonella streptocerca infection with ivermectin. Trop Med Int Health 1997;2:191–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Lymphatic filariasis

    • 28  Sasa M, ed. Human Filariasis. A global survey of epidemiology and control. Baltimore: University Park Press, 1976.
    • 29  Wilson T. Filariasis in Malaya – a general review. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1961;55:154–9. Cross Ref link
    • 30  Dennis DT, Partono F, Atmosoedjono PS, Saroso JS. Timor filariasis: epidemiologic and clinical features in a defined community. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1976;25:797–802. Pubmed link
    • 31  Denham DA, McGreevey PB. Brugian filariasis. Epidemiology and experimental studies. Adv Parasitol 1977;16:243–52. Cross Ref link
    • 32  Davis BR. Filariasis. Dermatol Clin 1989;7:313–21. Pubmed link
    • 33  Feinsod FM, Faris R, Gad A, et al. Clinical manifestations of Wucheria bancrofti filariasis in an endemic village in the Nile delta. Ann Soc Belge Med Trop 1987;67:259–65.
    • 34  Partono F. Filariasis in Indonesia. Clinical manifestations and basic concepts of treatment and control. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1984;78:9–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 35  Ciba Foundation. Filariasis. Ciba Found Symp 1987;127:1–305. Pubmed link
    • 36  Weil, GJ, Ramzy RMR. Diagnostic tools for filariasis elimination programs. Trends Parasitol 2007;23:78–82. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 37  Zhong M, McCarthy J, Bierwert L, et al. A polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of the parasite Wuchereria bancrofti in human blood. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1996;54:357–63. Pubmed link
    • 38  Anonymous. Global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Weekly Epidemiol Rec 2007;82:361–80.
    • 39  Forsyth K. New approaches to the control of lymphatic filariasis using diethylcarbamazine. PNG Med J 1987;30:189–91.
    • 40  Reddy M, Gill SS, Kalkar SR, et al. Oral drug therapy for multiple neglected tropical diseases: a systematic review. JAMA 2007;298:1911–24. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 41  Moulia‐Pelat JP, Nguyen LN, Hascoet H, et al. Advantages of an annual single dose of ivermectin 400 micrograms/kg plus diethylcarbamazine for community treatment of bancroftian filariasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1995;86:682–5. Cross Ref link
    • 42  Addiss DG, Brady MA. Morbidity management in the global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: a review of the scientific literature. Filaria J 2007;15:2. Pubmed link
    • 43  Dandapat MC, Mohapatro SK, Mohanty SS. Filarial lymphoedema and elephantiasis of the lower limb; a review of 44 cases. Br J Surg 1986;73:451–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    SLoiasis

    • 44  Takougang I, Meli J, Lamlenn S, et al. Loiasis – a neglected and under‐estimated affliction: endemicity, morbidity and perceptions in eastern Cameroon. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2007;101:151–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 45  Davis BR. Filariasis. Dermatol Clin 1989;7:313–21. Pubmed link
    • 46  Churchill DR, Morris C, Fakoya A, et al. Clinical and laboratory features of patients with loiasis (Loa‐loa filariasis) in the UK. J Infect 1996;33:103–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 47  Fain A. Update; les problemes actuel de la loase. Bull WHO 1978;56:155–67. Pubmed link
    • 48  Hubler WR, Gregory JF, Knox JM. Loiasis. Arch Dermatol 1973;108:835–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 49  Nutman TB, Reese W, Poindexter RW, et al. Immunologic correlates of the hyperresponsive syndrome of loiasis. J Infect Dis 1988;157:544–50. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 50  Pillay VKG, Kirch E, Kurtzman NA. Glomerulopathy associated with filarial loiasis. JAMA 1973;225:179–81. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 51  De Silva DJ, Strouthidis NG, Tariq S, Davies N. An unusual cause of acute lid swelling. Eye 2006;20:271–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 52  Klion AD, Massougbodji A, Horton J, et al. Albendazole in human loiasis: results of a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. J Infect Dis 1993;168:202. Pubmed link
    • 53  Richard‐Lenoble D, Komhla M, Rupp EA, et al. Ivermectin in loiasis and concomitant O. volvulus and M. perstans infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1988;39:480–3. Pubmed link
    • 54  Pion SD, Filipe JA, Kamgno J, et al. Microfilarial distribution of Loa loa in the human host: population dynamics and epidemiological implications. Parasitology 2006;133:101–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Dracunculiasis

    • 55  Elgart ML. Onchocerciasis and dracunculosis. Dermatol Clin 1989;7:323–30. Pubmed link
    • 56  The Carter Center. Atlanta: the Carter Center; 2009 (cited 2013 October 25). http://www.cartercenter.org/health/guinea_worm/mini_site/current.html (last accessed October 2014).
    • 57  Muller R. Dracunculus and dracunculiasis. Adv Parasitol 1971;9:73–91. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 58  Pendse AK, Soni BM, Omprakash R, et al. Testicular dracunculosis – a distinct clinical entity. Br J Urol 1982;54:56–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 59  Adeyeba OA. Secondary infections in dracunculiasis. Bacteria and morbidity. Int J Zoonoses 1985;12:147–9. Pubmed link
    • 60  Ramdas A. Chronic encysted guinea‐worm lesion. Ind Med Gaz 1953;88:391–2.
    • 61  Watts SJ. Dracunculiasis in Africa in 1986. Its geographic extent, incidence and at‐risk population. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1987;37:119–25 Pubmed link
    • 62  Chippaux JP. Mebendazole treatment of dracunculiasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1991;85:280–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Enterobiasis

    • 63  Schaffner W. Die Bedeutung der Stabibfektion für die Oxyuriasis. Munch Med Wochenschr 1944;32:411–14.
    • 64  Clark RF. Localized urticaria due to Enterobius vermicularis. Arch Dermatol 1961;84:1026–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 65  O'Brien TJ. Paediatric vulvovaginitis. Australas J Dermatol 1995;36:216–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 66  Broadbent V. Children's worms. BMJ 1975;i:89. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 67  Pearson RD, Irons RP, Irons RP Jr. Chronic pelvic peritonitis due to the pinworm Enterobius vermicularis. JAMA 1981;245:1340–1. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 68  Heukelbach J, Wilcke T, Winter B, et al. Efficacy of ivermectin in a patient population concomitantly infected with intestinal helminths and ectoparasites. Arzneimittelforschung 2004;54:416–21. Pubmed link

    Ancylostomiasis

    • 69  Keumer A, Bundy D. Seventy five years of solicitude. Nature 1989;337:114–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 70  Rochet M, Leyrisse M. The nature and causes of ‘hookworm anaemia’. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1966;15:1030–2.
    • 71  Borrero J, Restrepo A, Betro D, et al. Clinical and laboratory studies on hookworm disease in Colombia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1961;10:735–8.
    • 72  Buckley JJC, Pester FRN. Hookworm infections acquired in Britain. BMJ 1965;ii:106–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 73  Chaudhry AZ, Longworth DL. Cutaneous manifestations of intestinal helminthic infections. Dermatol Clin 1989;7:275–90. Pubmed link
    • 74  Gilles HM, Williams EJW, Ball PAJ. Hookworm infection and anaemia. Q Rev Med 1964;33:1–24.
    • 75  Reddy M, Gill SS, Kalkar SR, et al. Oral drug therapy for multiple neglected tropical diseases: a systematic review. JAMA 2007;298:1911–24. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 76  Keiser J, Utzinger J. Efficacy of current drugs against soil‐transmitted helminth infections: systematic review and meta‐analysis. JAMA 2008;299:1937. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Strongyloidiasis

    • 77  Segarra‐Newnham M. Manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of Strongyloides stercoralis infection. Ann Pharmacother 2007;41:1992–2001. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 78  Igra‐Siegman Y, Kapila R, Sen P, et al. Syndrome of hyperinfection with Strongyloides stercoralis. Rev Infect Dis 1981;3:397–407. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 79  Neva FA. Biology and immunology of human strongyloidiasis. J Infect Dis 1986;153:397–406. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 80  Centers for Disease Control. Biology of strongyloidiasis. http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/strongyloides/biology.html (last accessed October 2014).
    • 81  Burke JA. Strongyloidiasis in childhood. Am J Dis Child 1978;132:1130–6. Pubmed link
    • 82  Gill GV, Bell DR. Strongyloides stercoralis infection in former Far East prisoners of war. BMJ 1979;ii:572–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 83  Ly MN, Bethel SL, Usmani AS, et al. Cutaneous Strongyloides stercoralis infection: an unusual presentation. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;49:S157–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 84  von Kuster LC, Genta RM. Cutaneous manifestations of strongyloidiasis. Arch Dermatol 1988;124:1826–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 85  Lanzafame M, Faggian F, Lattuada E, et al. Strongyloidiasis in an HIV‐1‐infected patient after highly active antiretroviral therapy‐induced immune restoration. J Infect Dis 2005;191:1027. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 86  Requena‐Méndez A, Chiodini P, Bisoffi Z, et al. The laboratory diagnosis and follow up of strongyloidiasis: a systematic review. PLOS Negl Trop Dis 2013;7:e2002. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 87  Greaves D, Coggle S, Pollard C, et al. Strongyloides stercoralis infection. BMJ 2013;347:f4610. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Cutaneous larva migrans

    • 88  Beaver PC, Jung RC, Cupp EW, eds. Clinical Parasitology. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1984:281–3.
    • 89  Blackwell V, Vega‐Lopez F. Cutaneous larva migrans. Clinical features and management of 44 cases presenting in the returned traveller. Br J Dermatol 2001;145:434–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 90  Jelinek T, Maiwald H, Nothdurft HD, Loscher T. Cutaneous larva migrans in travelers. Synopsis of histories, symptoms, and treatment of 98 patients. Clin Infect Dis 1994;19:1062–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 91  Katz R, Ziegler J, Blank H. The natural course of creeping eruption and treatment with thiabendazole. Arch Dermatol 1975;91:420–4. Cross Ref link
    • 92  Wright DO, Gold EM. Löeffler's syndrome associated with creeping eruption (cutaneous helminthiasis). Arch Intern Med 1946;75:303–12. Cross Ref link
    • 93  Dourmishev AL, Dourmishev LA, Schwartz RA. Ivermectin: pharmacology and application in dermatology. Int J Dermatol 2005;44:981–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Visceral larva migrans

    • 94  Despommier D. Toxocariasis: clinical aspects, epidemiology, medical ecology, and molecular aspects. Clin Microbiol Rev 2003;16:265–72. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 95  Woodruff AW. Toxocariasis. BMJ 1970;ii:663–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 96  Rook A, Staughton R. The cutaneous manifestations of toxocariasis. Dermatologica 1972;144:129–43. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 97  Beaver PC. Toxocariasis (visceral larva migrans) in relation to tropical eosinophilia. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 1962;55:555–76.
    • 98  Heiner DC, Kevy SV. Visceral larva migrans. Report of the syndrome in three siblings. N Engl J Med 1956;254:629–36. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 99  Shields JA. Ocular toxocariasis: a review. Surv Ophthalmol 1984;28:361–81. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 100  Fillaux J, Magnaval J‐F. Laboratory diagnosis of human toxocariasis. Vet Parasit 2013;193:327–36. Cross Ref link
    • 101  Li MW, Lin RQ, Chen HH, et al. PCR tools for the verification of the specific identity of ascaridoid nematodes from dogs and cats. Mol Cell Probes 2007;21:349–54. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 102  Bhatia V, Sarin SK. Hepatic visceral larva migrans. Evolution of the lesion, diagnosis, and role of high‐dose albendazole therapy. Am J Gastroenterol 1994;89:624–7. Pubmed link

    Gnathostomiasis

    • 103  Ligon BL. Gnathostomiasis: a review of a previously localized zoonosis now crossing numerous geographical boundaries. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis 2005;16:137–43. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 104  Hermann JS, Chiodini PL. Gnathosomiasis, another emerging imported disease. Clin Microbiol Rev 2009;22:484–92. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 105  Radomyos P, Daengsvang S. A brief report on Gnathostoma spinigerum specimens obtained from human cases. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1987;18:215–17. Pubmed link
    • 106  Rusnak JM, Lucey DR. Clinical gnathostomiasis. Case report and review of the English‐language literature. Clin Infect Dis 1993;16:33–50. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 107  Nash TE. Visceral larva migrans and other unusual helminth infections. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Mandell, Douglas and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Disease, 5th edn. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 2000:2965–70.
    • 108  Bunang T, Comer DS, Punyagupta S. Eosinophilic myeloencephalitis caused by Gnathostoma spinigerum. Neuropathology of nine cases. J Neurol Sci 1970;10:419–34. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 109  Nontasut P, Bussaratid V, Chullawichit S, et al. Comparison of ivermectin and albendazole treatment of gnathostomiasis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Pub Health 2000;31:374–9.
    • 110  Bathrick ME, Mango CA, Mueller JF. Intraocular gnathostomiasis. Ophthalmology 1981;88:1293–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Dirofilariasis

    • 111  Guitierrez Y. Diagnostic features of zoonotic filariae in tissue sections. Hum Pathol 1984;15:514–25. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Trichinosis

    • 112  Acha PN, Szyfres B. Zoonoses and Communicable Diseases Common to Man and Animals, Vol. 3, Parasitoses. Washington DC: Pan American Health Organization, 2003.
    • 113  Frayha RA. Trichinosis‐related polyarteritis nodosa. Am J Med 1981;71:307–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 114  Gottstein B, Pozio E, Nöckler K. Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control of trichinellosis. Clin Rev Microbiol 2009;22:127–45. Cross Ref link
    • 115  Clausen MR, Meyer CN, Krantz C, et al. Trichinella infection and clinical diseases. Q J Med 1996;89:631–6. Cross Ref link
    • 116  Watt G, Silachamroon U. Areas of uncertainty in the management of human trichinellosis: a clinical perspective. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2004;2:649–52. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Infection with trematodes

      Schistosomiasis

      • 117  Mahmoud AAF, ed. Schistosomiasis. In: Mahmoud AAF, ed. Clinical Tropical Medicine and Communicable Diseases. London: Baillière Tindall, 1987:1–32.
      • 118  World Health Organization (WHO). Atlas of the Global Distribution of Schistosomiasis. Geneva: WHO Parasitic Diseases Programme, 1987.
      • 119  Davis A. Recent advances in schistosomiasis. Q J Med 1986;58:95–110. Pubmed link
      • 120  Warren KS, Domingo EO, Cowan RBT. Granuloma formation around schistosome eggs as a manifestation of delayed hypersensitivity. Am J Pathol 1967;51:735–81. Pubmed link
      • 121  Gonzalez E. Schistosomiasis, cercarial dermatitis and marine dermatitis. Dermatol Clin 1989;7:291–300. Pubmed link
      • 122  Colley DG, Savage AM, Lewis FA. Host responses induced and elicited by cercariae, schistosomata and cercarial antigen preparations. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1977;26(Suppl.):88–91. Pubmed link
      • 123  Torres VM. Dermatological manifestations of Schistosomiasis mansoni. Arch Dermatol 1976;112:1539–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 124  Adeyemi‐Doro FAB, Osoba AO, Junaid TA. Perigenital cutaneous schistosomiasis. Br J Vener Dis 1979;55:446–9. Pubmed link
      • 125  Davis‐Reed L, Theis JH. Cutaneous schistosomiasis: report of a case and review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;42:678–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 126  MacDonald DM, Morrison DA. Cutaneous ectopic schistosomiasis. BMJ 1976;2:619–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 127  Farrell AM, Woodrow D, Bryceson AD, et al. Ectopic cutaneous schistosomiasis: extragenital involvement with progressive upward spread. Br J Dermatol 1996;135:110–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 128  Obasi OE. Cutaneous schistosomiasis in Nigeria. An update. Br J Dermatol 1986;114:597–602. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 129  Milligan A, Burns DA. Ectopic cutaneous schistosomiasis and schistosomal ocular inflammatory disease. Br J Dermatol 1988;119:793–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 130  Mahmoud AAF. Praziquantel for the treatment of helminthic infections. In: Stollerman GH, ed. Advances in Internal Medicine, Vol. 32. Chicago: Year Book, 1987:419–34.
      • 131  Caffrey CR. Chemotherapy of schistosomiasis: present and future. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2007;11:433–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

      Cercarial dermatitis

      • 132  Baird JK, Wear DJ. Cercarial dermatitis. The swimmer's itch. Clin Dermatol 1987;5:88–91. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 133  Bernhardt MJ, Mandojana RM. Sea bather's eruption. Clin Dermatol 1987;5:101–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 134  Hoeffler DF. Swimmer's itch. Cutis 1977;19:461–7. Pubmed link
      • 135  Rao VG, Dash AP, Agrawal MC, et al. Cercarial dermatitis in central India: an emerging health problem among tribal communities. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2007;101:409–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 136  Knight R, Worms NJ. An outbreak of cercarial dermatitis in Britain. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1972;66:21–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 137  Hutton RF. Schistosome cercariae as a probable cause of sea bather's eruption. Bull Mar Sci Gulf Coast 1952;2:346–8.

      Paragonimiasis

      • 138  Blair D, Xu ZB, Agatsuma T. Paragonimiasis and the genus Paragonimus. Adv Parasitol 1999;42:113–222. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 139  Sogandares‐Bernal F, Seed JR. American paragonimiasis. Curr Top Comp Pathobiol 1973;2:1–56. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 140  Dainichi T, Nakahara T, Moroi Y, et al. A case of cutaneous paragonimiasis with pleural effusion. Int J Dermatol 2003;42:699–702. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 141  Sabrio P, Lanzas R, Arrieta G, Arguedas A. Paragonimus mexicanus pericarditis. Report of two cases and review of the literature. J Trop Med Hyg 1995;98:316–18. Pubmed link

      Infection with cestodes

      • 142  Smyth JD, Heath DD. Pathogenesis of larval cestodes in mammals. Helm Abstract 1970;39:1–23.
      • 143  Templeton AC. Anatomical and geographical location of human coenurus infection. Trop Geogr Med 1971;23:105–8. Pubmed link
      • 144  Oriel TC, Gonzalez F, Beaver PC. Coenurus from neck of Texas woman. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1970;19:255–7. Pubmed link
      • 145  Williams PH, Templeton AC. Infection of the eye by tapeworm coenurus. Br J Ophthalmol 1971;55:766–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 146  Wilson VCLC, Wayte DM, Addae RO. Human coenurosis – the first reported case from Ghana. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1972;66:611–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

      Echinococcosis

      • 147  World Health Organization (WHO). Bull WHO 1968;39:1–136. Pubmed link
      • 148  Giri S, Parija SC. A review on diagnostic and preventative aspects of cystic echinococcosis and human cysticercosis. Trop Parasitol 2012;2:99–108. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 149  Pant CS, Gupta RK. Diagnostic value of ultrasonography in hydatid disease in abdomen and chest. Acta Radiol 1987;28(6):743–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

      Cysticercosis

      • 150  Keane JR. Neuro‐ophthalmic signs and symptoms of cysticercosis. Arch Ophthalmol 1982;100:1445–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 151  Jampol LM, Caldwell BH, Albert DM. Cysticercus cellulosae in the eyelid. Arch Dermatol 1973;89:319–20.
      • 152  Del Brutto OH. Prognostic factors for seizure recurrence after withdrawal of antiepileptic drugs in patients with neurocysticercosis. Neurology 1994;44:1706. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

      Infection with cestodes

        Sparganosis

        • 153  Norman SH, Kreutner A Jr. Sparganosis. Clinical and pathologic observations in ten cases. South Med J 1980;73:297–300. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 154  Taylor RL. Sparganosis in the United States. Report of a case. Am J Clin Pathol 1976;66:560–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 155  Nelson S, Warschaw K. Protozoa and worms. In: Bolognia J, Jorizzo J, Schaffer J. Dermatology, 3rd edn. Philadelphia: WB Saunders/Elsevier, 2012.
        • 156  Beaver PC, Rolon FA. Proliferating larval cestode in a man in Paraguay. A case report and review. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1981;30:625–37. Pubmed link
        • 157  Griffin MP, Tompkins KJ, Ryan MT. Cutaneous sparganosis. Am J Dermatopathol 1996;18(1):70–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

        Infection with protozoa

        • 158  Martinez AJ. Acanthamoebiasis and immunosuppression. A case report. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1982;41:548–57. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

        Malaria

        • 159  Bruce‐Chwatt LJ. In: Gilles H, Warrell DA, eds. Bruce‐Chwatt's Essential Malariology, 3rd edn. London: Heinemann, 1993.
        • 160  Sowunmi A, Walker O, Salako LA. Pruritus and antimalarial drugs in Africans. Lancet 1989;ii:213. Pubmed link
        • 161  Miller KD, Lobel HO, Satriale RF, et al. Severe cutaneous reactions among American travellers using pyrimethamine–sulfadoxine (Fansidar) for malaria prophylaxis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1986;35:451–8. Pubmed link
        • 162  World Health Organization (WHO). WHO Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria, 2nd edn. Geneva: WHO, 2010.

        Amoebiasis

        • 163  Stamm WP. Amoebiasis in England and Wales. BMJ 1975;ii:452–3. Pubmed link
        • 164  Walsh JA. Problems in recognition and diagnosis of amoebiasis: estimations of global magnitude of morbidity and mortality. Rev Infect Dis 1986;8:228–38. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 165  Phillips SC, Mildvan D, William DC, et al. Sexual transmission of enteric protozoa and helminths in a venereal disease clinic population. N Engl J Med 1981;305:603–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 166  Allason‐Jones E, Mindel A, Sargeaunt P, et al. Outcome of untreated infection with Entamoeba histolytica in homosexual men with and without HIV antibody. BMJ 1988;297:654–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 167  Martinez‐Palomo A. The pathogenesis of amoebiasis. Parasitol Today 1987;3:111–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 168  Paul M, Abeyaratne M. Cutaneous amoebiasis. Br J Surg 1961;49:288–91. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 169  Leippe M, Andra J, Nickel R, et al. Amoebapores, a family of membrano‐lytic peptides from cytoplasmic granules of Entamoeba histolytica: isolation, primary structure, and pore formation in bacterial cytoplasmic membranes. Mol Microbiol 1994;14:895–904. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 170  Sergeaunt PG. The reliability of Entamoeba histolytica zymodemes in clinical diagnosis. Parasitol Today 1987;3:40–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 171  Patterson M, Schoppe LE. The presentation of amoebiasis. Med Clin North Am 1982;66:689–705. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 172  Fujita WH, Barr RJ, Gottschalk HR. Cutaneous amoebiasis. Arch Dermatol 1981;117:309–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 173  Knight R. The chemotherapy of amoebiasis. J Antimicrob Chemother 1980;6:577–93. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

        Trichomoniasis

        • 174  Langley JG, Goldsmith JM, Davies N. Venereal trichomoniasis; role of man. Genitourin Med 1987;63:264–7. Pubmed link
        • 175  Lossick JG. Treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis infection. Rev Infect Dis 1982;4(Suppl.):S801–8. Cross Ref link
        • 176  Fouts AC, Kraus SJ. Trichomonas vaginalis. Reevaluation of its clinical presentation and laboratory diagnosis. J Infect Dis 1980;141:137–52. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 177  Workowski KA, Berman S, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010. MMWR Recomm Rep 2010;59:1. Pubmed link
        • 178  Sobel JD, Nyirjesy P, Brown W. Tinidazole therapy for metronidazole‐resistant vaginal trichomonisasis. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33:1341–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

        Infection with protozoa

          Trypansomiasis

          • 179  Foulkes JR. Human trypanosomiasis in Africa. BMJ 1981;283:1172–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 180  Spencer HC, Gibson JJ, Brodsky RE, et al. Imported African trypanosomiasis in the United States. Ann Intern Med 1975;82:633–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 181  Romaña C. Enfermedad de Chagas. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Lopez Libreros Editores, 1963.
          • 182  Losavio A, Jones MC, Sanz OP, et al. A sequential study of the peripheral nervous system involvement in experimental Chagas’ disease. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1989;41:539–47. Pubmed link
          • 183  Greenwood BM, Whittle HC. The pathogenesis of sleeping sickness. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1980;74:716–25. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 184  Pifano F. Aspectos de Medicina Tropical de Venezuela. Caracas: OBE, 1964.
          • 185  Gelfand M. The early clinical features of rhodesiense trypanosomiasis with special reference to the ‘chancre’ (local reaction). Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1966;60:376–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 186  Merklen FP, Riou MV, Solente G, et al. Trypanosomiase cutaneé, type d’érythme annulaire centrifuge avec manifestations ganglionnaires discretes. Bull Soc Fr Dermatol 1956;63:424–5.
          • 187  Scott JA, Davidson RN, Moody AH, et al. Diagnosing multiple parasitic infections: trypanosomiasis, loiasis and schistosomiasis in a single case. Scand J Infect Dis 1991;23:777–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 188  Greenwood BM. African trypanosomiasis. In: Weatherall DJ, Ledingham JGG, Warrell DA, eds. Oxford Textbook of Medicine, 2nd edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987.
          • 189  Robertson DHH. The treatment of sleeping sickness (mainly due to Trypanosoma rhodesiense) with melarsoprol. II. An assessment of its curative value. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1963;57:176–83. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 190  Foulkes JR. An evaluation of prednisolone as a routine adjunct to the treatment of T. rhodesiense. J Trop Med Hyg 1975;78:72–4. Pubmed link

          Leishmaniasis

            Cutaneous leishmaniasis

            • 191  Rioux JA, Groubert JR, Lanotte G, et al. Un cas de leishmaniose autochtone de la muqueuse nasale. Les Cahiers D'orl 1980;15:423–5.
            • 192  Bryceson ADM. Clinical variations associated with various taxa of Leishmania. In: Coll Int CNRS/INSERM, 1984. Montpelier, France: IMEEE, 1986:221–8.
            • 193  Leewenberg J, Bryceson ADM, Mbugua GG, et al. The use of the leishmanin test to define transmission in Baringo District, Kenya. E Afr Med J 1983;60:81–4.
            • 194  Lainson R. The American leishmaniases. Some observations on their ecology and epidemiology. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1983;77:569–96. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 195  Weatherall DJ, Ledingham JGG, Warrell DA, eds. Oxford Textbook of Medicine, 2nd edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987.
            • 196  Bellazoug S, Ammar‐Khodja A, Belkoid M, et al. La leishmaniose cutanée du nord d'Algerie. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1985;75:615–22.
            • 197  Briffa CV. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Maltese Islands. Br J Dermatol 1985;113:370–1. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 198  Lainson R, Shaw JJ. Evolution, classification and geographical distribution. In: Peters W, Killick‐Kendrick R, eds. The Leishmaniases in Biology and Medicine, Vol. 1. London: Academic Press, 1987:1–120.
            • 199  World Health Organization (WHO). The Leishmaniases. Report of WHO Expert Committee. Technical Report Series, 701. Geneva: WHO, 1984.
            • 200  Bellazoug S. Une épidemie de leishmaniose cutanée dans la région de M'Sila (Algérie). Bull Soc Pathol Exot 1983;75:497–504.
            • 201  Ridley DS. A histological classification of cutaneous leishmaniasis and its geographical expression. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1980;74:515–21. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 202  Bowling J, Vega‐López F. Lupoid leishmaniasis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2003;28:683–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 203  Bryceson ADM. Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ethiopia. I. The clinical and histological features of the disease. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1969;63:708–37. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 204  Walton BC, Chinel LV, Eguiya V, et al. Onset of espundia after many years of occult infection with Leishmania braziliensis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1973;22:696–8. Pubmed link
            • 205  Klotz O, Lindenberg H. The pathology of leishmaniasis of the nose. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1923;3:117–41.
            • 206  Dowlati Y. Cutaneous leishmaniasis. Int J Dermatol 1979;18:362–8. Pubmed link
            • 207  Nadim A, Fagih M. The epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Isfahan province of Iran. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1968;61:534–49. Cross Ref link
            • 208  Rahim GF, Tatar IH. Oriental sore in Iraq. Bull Endem Dis (Baghdad) 1966;8:29–54. Pubmed link
            • 209  Kozevnikov PK. Two nosological forms of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1963;12:719–24. Pubmed link
            • 210  Sacks DL, Kenney RT, Kreutzer RD, et al. Indian kala‐azar caused by Leishmania tropica. Lancet 1995;345:959–61. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 211  Evan‐Paz Z, Sagher F. Some basic medical problems illustrated by experiments with cutaneous leishmaniasis. S Afr Med J 1961;35:567–81.
            • 212  Barnetson RS, Bryceson ADM. Cutaneous leishmaniasis and leprosy. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1978;72:160–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 213  Biagi FF. The treatment of Mexican cutaneous leishmaniasis (chicle ulcer). Med Mex 1953;33:435–8.
            • 214  Chulay JD, Anzeze EM, Koech DK, et al. High dose sodium stibogluconate treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1983;77:717–21. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 215  Llanos‐Cuentas EA, Marsden PD, Lago EL, et al. Human mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in Tres Bracos, Bahia‐Brazil: an area of Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis infection. III. Cutaneous disease, presentation and evolution. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 1984;17:169–77. Cross Ref link
            • 216  Floch PH. Sur deux observations intéressantes de leishmaniose forestière américaine. Bull Soc Path Exot 1954;47:509–13. Pubmed link
            • 217  Walton BC. American cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. In: Peters W, Killick‐Kendrick R, eds. The Leishmaniases in Biology and Medicine, Vol. 2. London: Academic Press, 1987:637–44.
            • 218  Griffiths WA, Dutz W. Repeated tissue sampling with a dental broach. A trial in cutaneous leishmaniasis. Br J Dermatol 1975;93:43–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 219  Vega‐López F. Diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2003;16:97–101. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 220  Neva FA, Petersen EA, Corsey R, et al. Observations on local heat treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1984;33:800–4. Pubmed link
            • 221  Bassiouny A, El Meshad M, Talaat M, et al. Cryosurgery in cutaneous leishmaniasis. Br J Dermatol 1982;107:467–74. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 222  Currie MA. Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis by curettage. BMJ 1983;287:1053–6 Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 223  Duperrat B, Puissaant A, Fischer R, et al. Leishmaniose cutanée plurifocale traitée par glucantime intralésionelle. Bull Soc Fr Dermatol Syphiligr 1966;73:219–20. Pubmed link
            • 224  El‐On J, Weinrauch L, Livshin R, et al. Topical treatment of recurrent cutaneous leishmaniasis with ointment containing paromomycin and methylben‐zathonium chloride. BMJ 1985;291:704–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 225  World Health Organization (WHO). The Leishmaniases. Report of WHO Expert Committee. Technical Report Series, 701. Geneva: WHO, 1984.
            • 226  Ballou WR, McClain JB, Gordon DM, et al. Safety and efficacy of high dose sodium stibogluconate therapy of American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Lancet 1987;ii:12–16.
            • 227  Chulay JD, Anzeze EM, Koech DK, et al. High dose sodium stibogluconate treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1983;77:717–21. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 228  Bryceson ADM. Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis. II. Treatment. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1970;64:369–79. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 229  Lawn SD, Yardley V, Watson J, et al. New World cutaneous leishmaniasis in returned travellers: treatment failures using intravenous sodium stibogluconate. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 2004;97:443–4. Cross Ref link
            • 230  Ballou WR, McClain JB, Gordon DM, et al. Safety and efficacy of high dose sodium stibogluconate therapy of American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Lancet 1987;ii:12–16.
            • 231  Marsden PD, Sampaio RN, Carvalho EM, et al. High continuous antimony therapy in two patients with unresponsive mucosal lesions. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1985;34:710–13. Pubmed link
            • 232  Soto J, Arana BA, Toledo J, et al. Miltefosine for new world cutaneous leishmaniasis. Clin Infect Dis 2004;38:1266. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 233  Rubiano LC, Miranda MC, Muvdi Arenas S, et al. Noninferiority of miltefosine versus meglumine antimoniate for cutaneous leishmaniasis in children. J Infect Dis 2012;205:684. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 234  Vélez I, López L, Sánchez X, et al. Efficacy of miltefosine for the treatment of American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010;83:351. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 235  Scarisbrick JJ, Chiodini PL, Vega‐López F, et al. Clinical features and diagnosis of 42 travellers with cutaneous leishmaniasis. Travel Med Infect Dis 2006;4:14–21. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

            Visceral leishmaniasis

            • 236  Pampiglione S, Manson‐Bahr PEC, La Placa M, et al. Studies on Mediterranean leishmaniasis. 3. The leishmanin test in kala‐azar. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1975;69:60–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 237  Rees PH, Kager PA. Visceral leishmaniasis and postkala‐azar dermal leishmaniasis. In: Peters W, Killick‐Kendrick R, eds. The Leishmaniases in Biology and Medicine, Vol. 2. London: Academic Press, 1987:114–22.
            • 238  Ho M, Koech DK, Iha DW, et al. Immunosuppression in Kenyan visceral leishmaniasis. Clin Exp Immunol 1983;51:207–14. Pubmed link
            • 239  Kumar PV, Sadeghi E, Torabi S. Kala azar with disseminated dermal leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1989;40:150–3. Pubmed link
            • 240  Rashid JR, Chunge CN, Oster CN, et al. Post kala‐azar dermal leishmaniasis occurring after long cure of visceral leishmaniasis in Kenya. E Afr Med J 1986;63:365–71.
            • 241  Sen Gupta PC, Bhattacharjee B. Histopathology of post kala‐azar dermal leishmaniasis. J Trop Med Hyg 1953;56:110–16. Pubmed link
            • 242  Haldar JP, Ghose S, Saha KC, et al. Cell mediated immune response in Indian kala azar and post‐kala‐azar dermal leishmaniasis. Infect Immun 1983;42:702–7. Pubmed link
            • 243  Montalban CK, Martinez‐Fernandez R, Calleja JL, et al. Visceral leishmaniasis (kala‐azar) as an opportunistic infection in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus in Spain. Rev Infect Dis 1989;11:655–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 244  Forsyth SF, Lawn SD, Miller RF, et al. Multiple dermatofibroma‐like lesions in a HIV‐positive patient coinfected with visceral leishmaniasis. Br J Dermatol 2003;148:185–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 245  Ho M, Leewenberg J, Mbugua G, et al. An enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for field diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1983;32:943–6. Pubmed link
            • 246  Bern C, Adler‐Moore J, Berenguer J, et al. Liposomal amphotericin B for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. Clin Infect Dis 2006;13:917–24. Cross Ref link
            • 247  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Resources for Health Professionals, CDC http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/leishmaniasis/health_professionals/index.html (last accessed October 2014).
            • 248  Croft SL, Yardley V. Chemotherapy of leishmaniasis. Curr Pharm Des 2002;8:319. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 249  Sundar S, Jha TK, Thakur CP, et al. Oral miltefosine for Indian visceral leishmaniasis. N Engl J Med 2002;347:1739. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

            Toxoplasmosis

            • 250  Beverley JKA. Congenital toxoplasma infections. Proc R Soc Med 1960;53:111–13. Pubmed link
            • 251  Pollock JL. Toxoplasmosis appearing to be dermatomyositis. Arch Dermatol 1979;115:736–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 252  Topi GC, D'Alessandro L, Catricata C, et al. Dermatomyositis‐like syndrome due to toxoplasma. Br J Dermatol 1979;101:589–91. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 253  Vidal CI, Pollack M, Uliasz A, et al. Cutaneous toxoplasmosis histologically mimicking graft‐versus‐host disease. Am J Dermatopathol 2008;30:492–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 254  Zimmermann S, Hadaschik E, Dalpke A, et al. Varicella‐like cutaneous toxoplasmosis in a patient with aplastic anemia. J Clin Microbiol 2013;51:1341–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 255  Fong MY, Wong KT, Rohela M, et al. Unusual manifestation of cutaneous toxoplasmosis in a HIV‐positive patient. Trop Biomed 2010;27:447–50. Pubmed link
            • 256  Le Clech L, Hutin P, Le Gal S, et al. Skin nodules in a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. BMJ Case Rep 2014;Jan 9;2014. Pubmed link