Introduction

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• 2  Gasser TC, Lehmann K. Male sexual function is more than erection. Lancet 1995;346:706. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 3  Rickwood AM, Hemalatha V, Batcup G, Spitz L. Phimosis in boys. Br J Urol 1980;52:147–50. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 4  Dundas SAC, Laing RW. Titanium balanitis with phimosis. Dermatologica 1988;176:305–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 5  Chopra R, Fisher RD, Fencel R. Phimosis and diabetes mellitus. J Urol 1982;127:1101–2. Pubmed link
• 6  Clemmensen OJ, Krogh J, Petri M. The histologic spectrum of prepuces from patients with phimosis. Am J Dermatopathol 1988;10:104–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 7  Bunker CB. Male Genital Skin Disease. London: Saunders, 2004.
• 8  Rickwood AM. Medical indications for circumcision. BJU Int 1999;83(Suppl. 1):45–51. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 9  Waugh MA. Balanitis. Dermatol Clin 1998;16:757–62. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 10  Edwards S. Balanitis and balanoposthitis: a review. Genitourin Med 1996;72:155–9. Pubmed link
• 11  English JC III, Laws RA, Keough GC, et al. Dermatoses of the glans penis and prepuce. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;37:1–24. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 12  Birley HDL, Walker MM, Luzzi GA, et al. Clinical features and management of recurrent balanitis: association with atopy and genital washing. Genitourin Med 1993;69:400–3. Pubmed link
• 13  Rosen T, Brown TJ. Genital ulcers: evaluation and treatment. Dermatol Clin 1998;16:673–85. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 14  Gupta S, Kumar B. Dorsal perforation of prepuce: a common end point of severe ulcerative genital diseases? Sex Transm Infect 2000;76:210–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 15  Gupta S, Kumar B. Dorsal perforation of prepuce due to locally erosive condylomata acuminata. Sex Transm Infect 2001;77:77–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 16  Steinberg JL, Cibley LJ, Rice PA. Genital warts: diagnosis, treatment, and counselling for the patient. Curr Clin Top Infect Dis 1993;13:99–122. Pubmed link
• 17  Mazzatenta C, Andreassi L, Biagioli M, et al. Detection and typing of genital papillomaviruses in men with a single polymerase chain reaction and type specific DNA probes. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993;28:704–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 18  Wikström A, Hedblad MA, Johansson B, et al. The acetic acid test in evaluation of subclinical genital papillomavirus infection: a comparative study on penoscopy, histopathology, virology and scanning electron microscopy findings. Genitourin Med 1992;68:90–9. Pubmed link
• 19  Voog E, Ricksten A, Olofsson S, et al. Demonstration of Epstein–Barr virus DNA and human papillomavirus DNA in acetowhite lesions of the penile skin and the oral mucosa. Int J STD AIDS 1997;8:772–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 20  Kumar B, Gupta S. The acetowhite test in genital human papillomavirus infection in men: what does it add? J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2001;15:27–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 21  Mallon E, Ross JS, Hawkins DA, et al. Biopsy of male genital dermatosis. Genitourin Med 1997;73:421. Pubmed link
• 22  Rao A, Bunker CB. Male genital skin biopsy. Int J STD AIDS 2011;22:418–19. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Structure and function of the male genitalia

• 23  Cold CJ, Taylor JR. The prepuce. BJU Int 1999;83(Suppl. 1):34–44. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 24  Ammini AC, Sabherwal U, Mukhopadhyay C, et al. Morphogenesis of the human external male genitalia. Pediatr Surg Int 1997;12:401–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 25  McGregor D. Distribution of pubic hair in sample of fit men. Br J Dermatol 1961;73:61–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 26  Achtstätter T, Moll R, Moore B, Franke WW. Cytokeratin polypeptide patterns of different epithelia of the human male urogenital tract: immunofluorescence and gel electrophoretic studies. J Histochem Cytochem 1985;33:415–26. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Normal variants

• 27  Alexander‐Williams J, Buchmann P. Perianal Crohn's disease. World J Surg 1980;4:203–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 28  Oates JK. Pearly penile papules. Genitourin Med 1997;73:137–8. Pubmed link
• 29  Sonnex C, Dockerty WG. Pearly penile papules: a common cause of concern. Int J STD AIDS 1999;10:726–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 30  Neri I, Bardazzi F, Raone B, et al. Ectopic pearly penile papules: a paediatric case. Genitourin Med 1997;73:136. Pubmed link
• 31  Ackerman AD, Kornberg R. Pearly penile papules. Arch Dermatol 1973;108:673–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 32  Porter W, Bunker CB. Treatment of pearly penile papules with cryotherapy. Br J Dermatol 2000;142:847–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 33  McKinlay JR, Graham BS, Ross EV. The clinical superiority of continuous exposure versus short‐pulsed carbon dioxide laser exposures for the treatment of pearly penile papules. Dermatol Surg 1999;25:124–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 34  Batistatou A, Panelos J, Zioga A, Charalabopoulos KA. Ectopic modified sebaceous glands in human penis. Int J Surg Pathol 2006;14:355–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 35  Kumar A, Kossard S. Band‐like sebaceous hyperplasia over the penis. Australas J Dermatol 1999;40:47–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 36  Bunker CB. Male Genital Skin Disease. London: Saunders, 2004.
• 37  Vergara G, Belinchón I, Silvestre JF, et al. Linear sebaceous gland hyperplasia of the penis: a case report. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;48:149–50. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 38  Massmanian A, Valis GS, Sempere FJV. Fordyce spots on the glans penis. Br J Dermatol 1995;133:498–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 39  Izquierdo MJ, Pastor MA, Carrasco L, et al. Epithelioid blue naevus of the genital mucosa: report of four cases. Br J Dermatol 2001;145:496–501. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 40  de Giorgi V, Massi D, Brunasso G, et al. Eruptive multiple blue nevi of the penis: a clinical dermoscopic pathologic case study. J Cutan Pathol 2004;31:185–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 41  Aoyagi S, Sato‐Matsumura KS, Akiyama M, et al. Spitz naevus of the glans penis: an unusual location. Acta Derm Venereol 2004;84:324–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 42  Choi GS, Won DH, Lee SJ, et al. Divided naevus on the penis. Br J Dermatol 2000;143:1126–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 43  Kono T, Nozaki M, Kikuchi Y, et al. Divided naevus of the penis: a hypothesis on the embryological mechanism of its development. Acta Derm Venereol 2003;83:155–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 44  Phan PT, Francis N, Madden N, Bunker CB. Kissing naevus of the penis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2004;29:471–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 45  Egberts F, Egberts JH, Schwarz T, Hauschild A. Kissing melanoma or kissing nevus of the penis? Urology 2007;69:384, e5–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 46  Pianezza ML, Singh D, Van der Kwast T, Jarvi K. Rare case of recurrent angiokeratoma of Fordyce on penile shaft. Urology 2006;68:891, e1–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 47  Leis‐Dosil VM, Alijo‐Serrano F, Aviles‐Izquierdo JA, et al. Angiokeratoma of the glans penis: clinical, histopathological and dermatoscopic correlation. Dermatol Online J 2007;13:19.
• 48  Erkek E, Basar MM, Bagci Y, et al. Fordyce angiokeratomas as clues to local venous hypertension. Arch Dermatol 2005;141:1325–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 49  Caputo R, Passoni E, Cavicchini S. Papular xanthoma associated with angiokeratoma of Fordyce: considerations on the nosography of this rare non‐Langerhans cell histiocytoxanthomatosis. Dermatology 2003;206:165–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 50  Occella C, Bleidl D, Rampini P, et al. Argon laser treatment of cutaneous multiple angiokeratomas. Dermatol Surg 1995;21:170–2. Pubmed link
• 51  Malalasekera AP, Goddard JC, Terry TR. Angiokeratoma of Fordyce simulating recurrent penile cancer. Urology 2007;69:576, e13–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

The foreskin

• 52  Whitfield H. Circumcision. BJU Int 1999;83(Suppl. 1):1–113.
• 53  Porter WM, Bunker CB. The dysfunctional foreskin. Int J STD AIDS 2001;12:216–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 54  Taves DR. The intromission function of the foreskin. Med Hypotheses 2002;59:180–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 55  Bunker CB. Male Genital Skin Disease. London: Saunders, 2004.
• 56  Cold CJ, Taylor JR. The prepuce. BJU Int 1999;83(Suppl. 1):34–44. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Circumcision

• 57  Dunsmuir WD, Gordon EM. The history of circumcision. BJU Int 1999;83(Suppl. 1):1–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 58  Monarca C, Rizzo M, Quadrini L, et al. Prepuce‐sparing and simple running suture for phimosis. G Chir 2013;34;38–41. Pubmed link
• 59  Xu Y, Li F, Guan W, et al. A prospective, randomized controlled trial of circumcision in adult males using the CO2 laser. Photomed Laser Surg 2013;31;422–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 60  Moses S, Bailey RC, Ronald AR. Male circumcision: assessment of health benefits and risks. Sex Transm Infect 1998;74:368–73. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 61  Whitfield H. Circumcision. BJU Int 1999;83(Suppl. 1):1–113.
• 62  Morris BJ. Why circumcision is a biomedical imperative for the 21st century. BioEssays 2007;29:1147–58. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 63  Malone P, Steinbrecher H. Medical aspects of male circumcision. BMJ 2007;335:1206–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 64  Twisselmann B. Circumcision: right or wrong? Summary of responses. BMJ 2008;336:60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 65  Anonymous. Guidance for Doctors who are Asked to Circumcise Male Children. London: General Medical Council, 1997.
• 66  American Academy of Paediatrics Task Force on Circumcision. Circumcision policy statement. Pediatrics 2012;130;585–86. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 67  Morris B, Kreiger J. Does male circumcision affect sexual function, sensitivity or satisfaction? A systematic review. J Sex Med 2013; 10: 2644–57. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 68  Bronselaer G, Schober J, Meyer‐Bahlburg H, et al. Male circumcision decreases penile sensitivity as measured in a large cohort. BJU Int 2013;111:820–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 69  Fergusson DM, Lawton JM, Shannon FT. Neonatal circumcision and penile problems: an 8 year longitudinal study. Pediatrics 1988;81:537–41. Pubmed link
• 70  Van Howe RS. Variability in penile appearance and penile findings: a prospective study. Br J Urol 1997;80:776–82. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 71  Günsar C, Kurutepe S, Alparslan O, et al. The effect of circumcision status on periurethral and glandular bacterial flora. Urol Int 2004;72:212–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 72  Ladenhauf H, Ardelean M, Schimke C, et al. Reduced bacterial colonization of the glans penis after male circumcision in children – a prospective study. J Ped Urol 2013; 9 (6 pt B); 1137–44. Cross Ref link
• 73  O'Farrell N, Egger M. Circumcision in men and the prevention of HIV infection: a ‘meta‐analysis’ revisited. Int J STD AIDS 2000;11:137–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 74  Quinn TC. Circumcision and HIV transmission. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2007;20:33–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 75  Larke N, Thomas S, Santos Silva, et al. Male circumcision and penile cancer: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Cancer Causes Control 2011;22;1097–1110. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 76  Larke N, Thomas S, Santos Silva, et al. Male circumcision and human papillomavirus infection in men: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. J Infect Dis 2011;204;1375–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 77  Frisch M, Friis S, Kjaer SK, Melbye M. Falling incidence of penis cancer in an uncircumcised population (Denmark 1943–90). BMJ 1995;311:1471. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 78  Laumann EO, Masi CM, Zuckerman EW. Circumcision in the United States: prevalence, prophylactic effects, and sexual practice. JAMA 1997;277:1052–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 79  Mallon E, Hawkins D, Dinneen M, et al. Circumcision and genital dermatoses. Arch Dermatol 2000;136:350–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 80  O'Farrell N, Morison L, Chung C‐K. Low prevalence of penile wetness among male sexually transmitted infection clinic attendees in London. Sex Transm Dis 2007;34:408–9. Pubmed link
• 81  Williams N, Kapila L. Complications of circumcision. Br J Surg 1993;80:1231–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 82  Gürünlüoglu R, Bayramicli M, Dogan T, Numanoglu A. Unusual complications of circumcision. Plast Reconstr Surg 1999;104:1938–9.
• 83  Esen AA, Aslan G, Kazimoglu H, et al. Concealed penis: rare complication of circumcision. Urol Int 2001;66:117–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 84  Coskunfirat OK, Sayilkan S, Velidedeoglu H. Glans and penile skin amputation as a complication of circumcision. Ann Plast Surg 1999;43:457. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 85  Quintela R, Delmas V, Cannistra C, Boccon‐Gibod L. Plastic surgery of the penis after circumcision. Prog Urol 2000;10:476–8 [in French]. Pubmed link
• 86  Kaplan GW. Complications of circumcision. Urol Clin North Am 1983;10:543–9. Pubmed link
• 87  Goldman R. The psychological impact of circumcision. BJU Int 1999;83(Suppl. 1):93–102. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 88  Erdemir F. A rare complication after circumcision: keloid of the penis. Int Urol Nephrol 2006;38:609–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 89  Demirdover C, Sahin B, Vayvada H, Oztan H. Keloid formation after circumcision and its treatment. J Ped Urol 2013;9:54–6. Cross Ref link
• 90  Emsen IM. Catastrophic complication of the circumcision that carried out with local anaesthesia contained adrenaline. J Trauma 2006;60:1150. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 91  Okeke LI, Asinobi AA, Ikuerowo OS. Epidemiology of complications of male circumcision in Ibadan, Nigeria. BMC Urol 2006;6:21. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 92  Barnes S, Ben Chaim J, Kessler A. Postcircumcision necrosis of the glans penis: gray‐scale and color Doppler sonographic findings. J Clin Ultrasound 2007;35:105–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 93  Schultheiss D, Truss MC, Stief CG, Jonas U. Uncircumcision: a historical review of preputial restoration. Plast Reconstr Surg 1998;101:1990–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 94  Brandes SB, McAninch JW. Surgical methods of restoring the prepuce: a critical review. BJU Int 1999;83(Suppl. 1):109–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 95  Toker SC, Baskan EB, Tunali S, et al. Zoon's balanitis in a circumcised man. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;57:S6–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Congenital and developmental abnormalities

• 96  Baskin LS, Ebbers MB. Hypospadias: anatomy, etiology and technique. J Pediatr Surg 2006;41:463–72. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 97  Bunker CB. Male Genital Skin Disease. London: Saunders, 2004.
• 98  Park CO, Chun EY, Lee JH. Median raphe cyst on the scrotum and perineum. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005;55:S114–15. Cross Ref link
• 99  Browne WG, Izatt MM, Renwick JH. White sponge naevus of the mucosa: clinical and linkage data. Ann Hum Genet 1969;32:271–81. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 100  Jorgenson RJ, Levin LS. White sponge nevus. Arch Dermatol 1981;117:73–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 101  Shah A, Meacock L, More B, Chandran H. Lymphangioma of the penis: a rare anomaly. Pediatr Surg Int 2005;21:329–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 102  Girard C, Bigorre M, Guillot B, Bessis D. Pelvis syndrome. Arch Dermatol 2006;142:884–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 103  Musumeci ML, Nasca MR, De Pasquale R, et al. Cutaneous manifestations and massive genital involvement in Hennekam syndrome. Pediatr Dermatol 2006;23:239–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 104  Hampshire DJ, Ayub M, Springell K, et al. MORM syndrome (mental retardation, truncal obesity, retinal dystrophy and micropenis), a new autosomal recessive disorder, links to 9q34. Eur J Hum Genet 2006;14:543–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 105  Vaccaro M, Salpietro DC, Briuglia S, et al. Cutis laxa in Kabuki make‐up syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005;53:S247–51. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 106  Hill VA, Nischal KK, Collin JRO, Harper JI. An unusual ectodermal dysplasia with unique eye defects. Br J Dermatol 2005;152:365–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 107  Ding Y‐G, Zhu T‐S, Jiang W, et al. Identification of a novel mutation and a de novo mutation in DKC1 in two Chinese pedigrees with dyskeratosis congenita. J Invest Dermatol 2004;123:470–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Trauma and artefact

• 108  Nouri M, Koutani A, Tazi K, et al. Fractures of the penis: apropos of 56 cases. Prog Urol 1998;8:542–7. Pubmed link
• 109  Wessells H, Long L. Penile and genital injuries. Urol Clin North Am 2006;33:117–26, vii. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 110  Goh SH, Trapnell IE. Fracture of the penis. Br J Surg 1980;67:680–1. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 111  Kraus S, Lüdecke G, Weidner W. Mondor's disease of the penis. Urol Int 2000;64:99–100. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 112  Tanii T, Hamada T, Asai Y, Yorifuji T. Mondor's phlebitis of the penis: a study with factor VIII related antigen. Acta Derm Venereol 1984;64:337–40. Pubmed link
• 113  Harrow BR, Sloane IA. Thrombophlebitis of superficial penile and scrotal veins. J Urol 1963;89:841–2. Pubmed link
• 114  Guarneri C, Guarneri F. Mondor's phlebitis after using tadalafil. Br J Dermatol 2007;157:209–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 115  Coldiron B, Jacobson C. Common penile lesions. Urol Clin North Am 1988;15:671–85. Pubmed link
• 116  Horn AS, Pecora A, Chiesa JC, Alloy A. Penile thrombophlebitis as a presenting manifestation of pancreatic carcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol 1985;80:463–5. Pubmed link
• 117  Rosen T, Hwong H. Sclerosing lymphangitis of the penis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;49:916–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 118  Wasadikar PP. Incarceration of the penis by a metallic ring. Postgrad Med J 1997;73:255. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 119  Sowery RD, Beiko DT, Heaton JP. Long‐term penile incarceration by a metal ring resulting in urethral erosion and chronic lymphedema. Can J Urol 2004;11:2167–8. Pubmed link
• 120  Ganem JP, Lucey DT, Janosko EO, Carson CC. Unusual complications of the vacuum erection device. Urology 1998;51:627–31. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 121  Tash JA, Eid JF. Urethrocutaneous fistula due to a retained ring of condom. Urology 2000;56:508. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 122  Snoy FJ, Wagner SA, Woodside JR, et al. Management of penile incarceration. Urology 1984;24:18–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 123  Bhat AL, Kumar A, Mathur SC, Gangwal KC. Penile strangulation. Br J Urol 1991;68:618–21. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 124  Pohlman RB. Photo quiz: a lesion that should raise suspicion. Am Fam Physician 2000;62:2095–6. Pubmed link
• 125  Morentin B, Biritxinaga B, Crespo L. Penile strangulation: a report of a fatal case. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2011;32;344–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 126  Al‐Durazi M, Saleem I, Mohammed AA. Urethral foreign body. Br J Urol 1992;69:434. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 127  Aliabadi H, Cass AS, Gleich P, Johnson CF. Self‐inflicted foreign bodies involving the lower urinary tract and male genitals. Urology 1985;26:12–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 128  George WM. Papular pearly penile pearls. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;20:852. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 129  Bunker CB. Male Genital Skin Disease. London: Saunders, 2004.
• 130  Wilcher G. Artificial penile nodules – a forensic pathosociology perspective: four case reports. Med Sci Law 2006;46:349–56. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 131  Gordon JA, Schwartz BB. Delayed extrusion of testicular prosthesis. Urology 1979;14:59–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 132  Al‐Mutairi N, Sharma AK, Zaki A, et al. Penile self‐injections: an unusual act. Int J Dermatol 2004;43:680–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 133  Coldiron B, Jacobson C. Common penile lesions. Urol Clin North Am 1988;15:671–85. Pubmed link
• 134  Santucci RA, Zehring RD, McClure D. Petroleum jelly lipogranuloma of the penis treated with excision and native skin coverage. Urology 2000;56:331. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 135  Kalsi JS, Arya M, Peters J, et al. Grease‐gun injury to the penis. J R Soc Med 2002;95:254. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 136  Matsuda T, Shichiri Y, Hida S, et al. Eosinophilic sclerosing lipogranuloma of the male genitalia not caused by exogenous lipids. J Urol 1988;140:1021. Pubmed link
• 137  Moon DG, Yoo JW, Bae JH, et al. Sexual function and psychological characteristics of penile paraffinoma. Asian J Androl 2003;5:191–4. Pubmed link
• 138  Greilsheimer H, Groves JE. Male genital self‐mutilation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979;36:441–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 139  Jones IH. Subincision among Australian western desert Aborigines. Br J Med Psychol 1969;42:183–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 140  Pounder DJ. Ritual mutilation: subincision of the penis among Australian aborigines. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1983;4:227–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 141  McCann J, Voris J. Perianal injuries resulting from sexual abuse: a longitudinal study. Pediatrics 1993;91:390–3. Pubmed link
• 142  Clayden G. Anal appearances and child sex abuse. Lancet 1987;1:620–1. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 143  Priestley BL, Bamford FN, Miles VM, et al. Physical Signs of Sexual Abuse in Children, 2nd edn. Report of a working party of the Royal College of Physicians. London: Royal College of Physicians, 1997.
• 144  Hobbs CJ, Wynne JM. Physical signs of sexual abuse in children. J R Coll Phys Lond 1997;31:580–1.
• 145  Wynne JM, Hobbs CJ. Examination of children who may have been sexually abused. Arch Dis Child 2000;82:268. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 146  Vickers D, Morris K, Coulthard MG, Eastham EJ. Anal signs in haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Lancet 1998;1:998.
• 147  Hobbs CJ, Wynne JM. How to manage warts. Arch Dis Child 1999;81:460. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 148  Gomes CM, Ribeiro‐Filho L, Giron AM, et al. Genital trauma due to animal bites. J Urol 2001;165:80–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 149  Cesinaro AM, Sighinolfi P, Monari P, Neri F. Penile condylomata? Traumatic neuromas! J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;54:S54–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 150  Hrbaty J, Molitor M. Traumatic skin loss from the male genitalia. Acta Chir Plast 2001;43:17–20. Pubmed link
• 151  Xu X, Zhu W, Wu Y. Experience of the treatment of severe electric burns on special parts of the body. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1999;888:121–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 152  Sagar J, Sagar B, Shah DK. Penile skin necrosis – complication following selfcircumcision. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2005;87:W5–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 153  Goldstein N. Psychological implications of tattoos. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1979;5:883. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 154  Somers WJ, Lowe FC. Localized gangrene of the scrotum and penis: a complication of heroin injection into the femoral vessels. J Urol 1986;136:111–13. Pubmed link
• 155  Babata AL, Faniyi AO. A case report of scrotal gangrene from snake bite. West Afr J Med 2006;25:159–60. Pubmed link

Inflammatory dermatoses

• 156  Wiskemann A. X‐ray irradiation of dermatoses in the genital area. Hautarzt 1977;28:219–23. Pubmed link
• 157  Lebwohl M, Freeman AK, Chapman MS, et al. Tacrolimus ointment is effective for facial and intertriginous psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004;51:723–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 158  Gribetz C, Ling M, Lebwohl M, et al. Pimecrolimus cream 1% in the treatment of intertriginous psoriasis: a double‐blind, randomized study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004;51:731–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 159  Bissonnette R, Nigen S, Bolduc C. Efficacy and tolerability of topical tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of male genital psoriasis. J Cutan Med Surg 2008;12;230–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Eczema

• 160  Porter WM, Bewley A, Dinneen M, et al. Nodular lichen simplex of the scrotum treated by surgical excision. Br J Dermatol 2001;144:915–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 161  Ramam M, Khaitan BK, Singh MK, Gupta SD. Frictional sweat dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 1998;38:49. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 162  Birley HDL, Walker MM, Luzzi GA, et al. Clinical features and management of recurrent balanitis; association with atopy and genital washing. Genitourin Med 1993;69:400–3. Pubmed link
• 163  Shapiro PE. ‘Cello scrotum’ questioned. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991;24:665. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 165  Cusano F, Capozzi M. Photocontact dermatitis from ketoprofen with cross‐reactivity to ibuproxam. Contact Dermatitis 1992;27:50–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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Zoon balanitis

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Lichen sclerosus

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• 219  Gambichler T, Belz D, Terras S, Kreuter A. Humoral and cell‐mediated autoimmunity in lichen sclerosus. Br J Dermatol 2013;169(1):183–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 223  Götz H, Zabel M, Patiri C. Lichen sclerosus at atrophicus: first observation on a boy's genitalia. Hautarzt 1977;28:235–8. Pubmed link
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• 227  English JC III, King DH, Foley JP. Penile shaft hypopigmentation: lichen sclerosus occurring after the initiation of alprostadil intracavernous injections for erectile dysfunction. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;39:801–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 228  Uemura S, Hutson JM, Woodward AA, et al. Balanitis xerotica obliterans with urethral stricture after hypospadias repair. Pediatr Surg Int 2000;16:144–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 231  Lee SJ, Phillips SMA. Recurrent lichen sclerosus et atrophicus in urethroplasties from multiple skin grafts. Br J Urol 1994;74:802–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 233  Abdelbaky AM, Aluru P, Keegan P, Greene DR. Development of male genital lichen sclerosus in penile reconstruction skin grafts after cancer surgery: an unreported complication. BJU Int 2012;109(5):776–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 234  Bunker CB. Development of male genital lichen sclerosus in penile reconstruction skin grafts after cancer surgery: an unreported complication. BJU Int 2012;109(9):E29–31, author reply E31–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 235  Al‐Niaimi F, Lyon C. Peristomal lichen sclerosus: the role of occlusion and urine exposure? Br J Dermatol 2013;168(3):643–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 237  Ansink AC, Krul MRL, de Weger RA, et al. Human papillomavirus, lichen sclerosus, and squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva: detection and prognostic significance. Gynecol Oncol 1994;52:180–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 239  Nasca MR, Innocenzi D, Micali G. Association of penile lichen sclerosus and oncogenic human papilloma virus infection. Int J Dermatol 2006;45:681–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 250  Bunker CB. Occlusion, urine and genital lichen sclerosus. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2012;78(3):367–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 251  Bunker CB. Atopy, the barrier, urine and genital lichen sclerosus (LS). Br J Dermatol 2013;169:953. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 253  Edmonds EVJ, Bunker CB. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of urine in male genital lichen sclerosus. Br J Dermatol 2010;163(6):1355–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 254  Das S, Tunuguntla HSGR. Balanitis xerotica obliterans: a review. World J Urol 2000;18:382–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 255  Cabaleiro P, Drut RM, Drut R. Lymphohistiocytic and granulomatous phlebitis in penile lichen sclerosus. Am J Dermatopathol 2000;22:316–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 256  Dupré A, Viraben R. Basal lamina with a garland‐like pattern in a case of sclero‐atrophic lichen: ultrastructural study. Ann Dermatol Vénéréol 1988;115:19–26 [in French].
• 257  Fung MA, LeBoit PE. Light microscopic criteria for the diagnosis of early vulvar lichen sclerosus: a comparison with lichen planus. Am J Surg Pathol 1998;22:473–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 258  Citarella L, Massone C, Kerl H, Cerroni L. Lichen sclerosus with histopathologic features simulating early mycosis fungoides. Am J Dermatopathol 2003;25:463–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 259  Shim and Bunker Penile edema in press
• 260  Bunker CB, Francis N. Pseudoepitheliomatous keratotic and micaceous balanitis: comment. Clin Exp Dermatol 2012;37:434–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 261  Neill SM, Tatnall FM, Cox NH. Guidelines for the management of lichen sclerosus. Br J Dermatol 2002;147:640–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 262  Neill SM, Lewis FM, Tatnall FM, Cox NH. British Association of Dermatologists. British Association of Dermatologists' guidelines for the management of lichen sclerosus 2010. Br J Dermatol 2010; 163: 672–82. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 263  Bunker CB. Comments on the British Association of Dermatologists guidelines for the management of lichen sclerosus. Br J Dermatol 2011;164:894–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 264  Tausch TJ, Peterson AC. Early aggressive treatment of lichen sclerosus may prevent disease progression. J Urol 2012;187:2101–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 265  Tremaine RDL, Miller RAW. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus. Int J Dermatol 1989;28:10–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 266  Dahlman‐Ghozlan K, Hedblad M‐A, von Krogh G. Penile lichen sclerosus et atrophicus treated with clobetasol dipropionate 0.05% cream: a retrospective clinical and histopathologic study. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999;40:451–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 267  Lindhagen T. Topical clobetasol propionate compared with placebo in the treatment of unretractable foreskin. Eur J Surg 1996;162:969–72. Pubmed link
• 268  Riddell L, Edwards A, Sherrard J. Clinical features of lichen sclerosus in men attending a department of genitourinary medicine. Sex Transm Infect 2000;76:311–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 269  Schempp C, Bocklage H, Lange R, et al. Further evidence for Borrelia burgdorferi infection in morphoea and lichen sclerosus et atrophicus confirmed by DNA amplification. J Invest Dermatol 1993;100:717–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 270  Shelley WB, Shelley ED, Grunenwald MA, et al. Long‐term antibiotic therapy for balanitis xerotica obliterans. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999;40:69–72. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 271  Ioannides D, Lazaridou E, Apalla Z, Sotiriou E, Gregoriou S, Rigopoulos D. (2010). Acitretin for severe lichen sclerosus of male genitalia: a randomized, placebo controlled study. J Urol 2010;183:1395–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 272  Bunker CB. Male genital lichen sclerosus and topical tacrolimus. Br J Dermatol 2007;157:1079–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 273  Bunker CB, Neill S, Staughton RCD. Topical tacrolimus, genital lichen sclerosus and risk of squamous cell carcinoma. Arch Dermatol 2004;140:1169. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 274  Kartamaa M, Reitamo S. Treatment of lichen sclerosus with carbon dioxide laser vaporization. Br J Dermatol 1997;136:356–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 276  Garaffa G, Shabbir M, Nim C, Minhas S, Ralph DJ. The surgical management of lichen sclerosus of the glans penis: our experience and review of the literature. J Sex Med 2011;8:1246–53. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 277  Bunker CB. Development of male genital lichen sclerosus in penile reconstruction skin grafts after cancer surgery: an unreported complication. BJU Int 2012;109:E29–31. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 278  Lanio L. Adjuvant clinical effects of polydeoxyribonucleotide in lichen sclerosus. Eur J Dermatol 2012;22:575–6 Pubmed link
• 279  Nasca MR, Panetta C, Micali G, Innocenzi D. Microinvasive squamous cell carcinoma arising on lichen sclerosus of the penis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2003;17:337–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 280  Renaud‐Vilmer C, Cavelier‐Balloy B, Verola O, et al. Analysis of alterations adjacent to invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the penis and their relationship with associated carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010 Feb;62:284–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 281  Simonart T, Noël JC, De Dobbeleer G, Simonart JM. Carcinoma of the glans penis arising 20 years after lichen sclerosus. Dermatology 1998;196:337–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 282  Bouyssou‐Gauthier ML, Boulinguez S, Dumas JP, et al. Penile lichen sclerosus: follow‐up study. Ann Dermatol Vénéréol 1999;126:804–7.
• 283  Nasca MR, Innocenzi D, Micali G. Penile cancer among patients with genital lichen sclerosus. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999;41:911–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 284  Micali G, Nasca MR, Innocenzi D. Lichen sclerosus of the glans is significantly associated with penile carcinoma. Sex Transm Infect 2001;77:226. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 285  Liatsikos EN, Perimenis P, Dandinis K, et al. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus: findings after complete circumcision. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1997;31:453–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 286  Ranjan N, Singh SK. Malignant transformation of penile lichen sclerosus: exactly how common is it? Int J Dermatol 2008,47:1308–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 287  Clouston D, Hall A, Lawrentschuk N. Penile lichen sclerosus (balanitis xerotica obliterans). BJU Int 2011;108 Suppl. 2:14–19. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 288  Weber P, Rabinovitz H, Garland L. Verrucous carcinoma in penile lichen sclerosus et atrophicus. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1987;13:529. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 289  Campus GV, Alia F, Bosincu L. Squamous cell carcinoma and lichen sclerosus et atrophicus of the prepuce. Plast Reconstr Surg 1992;89:962–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 290  Powell J, Robson A, Cranston D, et al. High incidence of lichen sclerosus in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. Br J Dermatol 2001;145:85–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 291  Maden C, Sherman KJ, Beckmann AM, et al. History of circumcision, medical conditions, and sexual activity and the risk of penile cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993;85:19–24. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 292  Holly EA, Palefsky JM. Factors related to risk of penile cancer: new evidence from a study in the Pacific Northwest. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993;85:2–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Lichen planus

• 293  Barnette DJ Jr, Curtin TJ, Yeager JK, Corbett DW. Asymptomatic penile lesions. Cutis 1993;51:116–18. Pubmed link
• 294  Massa MC, Jason SM, Gradini R, Welykyj S. Lichenoid drug eruption secondary to propanolol. Cutis 1991;48:41–3. Pubmed link
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• 300  Hahn JM, Meisler DM, Lowder CY, et al. Cicatrizing conjunctivitis associated with paraneoplastic lichen planus. Am J Ophthalmol 2000;129:98–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 301  Worheide J, Bonsmann G, Kolde G, Hamm H. Plattenepithyelkarzinom auf dem Boden eines lichen ruber hypertrophicus an der glans penis. Hautarzt 1991;42:112–15. Pubmed link
• 302  Bain L, Geronemus R. The association of lichen planus of the penis with squamous cell carcinoma in situ and with verrucous squamous carcinoma. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1989;15:413–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 303  Leal‐Khouri S, Hruza GJ. Squamous cell carcinoma developing within lichen planus of the penis: treatment with Mohs micrographic surgery. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1994;20:272–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 304  Hoshi A, Usui Y, Terachi T. Penile carcinoma originating from lichen planus on glans penis. Urology 2008;71;816–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 306  Jemec GBE, Baadsgaard O. Effect of cyclosporin on genital psoriasis and lichen planus. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993;29:1048–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 307  Schmitt EC, Pigatto PD, Boneschi V, et al. Erosiver lichen planus der glans penis: behandlung mit cyclosporin A. Hautarzt 1993;44:43–5. Pubmed link
• 308  Cox NH. Squamous cell carcinoma arising in lichen planus of the penis during topical cyclosporin therapy. Clin Exp Dermatol 1996;21:323–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 309  Langeland T, Engh V. Topical use of tacrolimus and squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. Br J Dermatol 2005;152:183–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 310  Bunker CB, Neill S, Staughton RCD. Topical tacrolimus, genital lichen sclerosus and risk of squamous cell carcinoma. Arch Dermatol 2004;140:1169. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 311  Aste N, Pau M, Ferreli C, Biggio P. Lichen planus in a child requiring circumcision. Pediatr Dermatol 1997;14:129–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 312  Porter WM, Dinneen M, Hawkins DA, Bunker CB. Erosive penile lichen planus responding to circumcision. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2001;15:266–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 313  Kirby B, Whitehurst C, Moore JV, Yates VM. Treatment of lichen planus of the penis with photodynamic therapy. Br J Dermatol 1999;141:765–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 314  Weyandt G, Vetter‐Kauczok C, Becker J, et al. Successful dexamethasone pulse therapy for widespread erosive perianal lichen planus. Hautarzt 2007;58;241–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Miscellaneous inflammatory dermatoses

Non‐specific balanoposthitis

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• 316  Alessi E, Coggi A, Gianotti R. Review of 120 biopsies performed on the balanopreputial sac. Dermatol 2004;208:120–4. Cross Ref link

Ulcerative disease and penile necrosis

• 317  Devesa Mugica M, De La Torre Fraga C, Selas Perez A, et al. Vasculitis gangrenosa juvenil del escroto. Aportacion de dos casos. Actas Urol Esp 1994;18:237–40. Pubmed link
• 318  Sarihan H. Idiopathic scrotal necrosis. Br J Urol 1994;74:259. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 319  Koster LH, Antoon SJ. Fat necrosis in the scrotum. J Urol 1980;123:599–600. Pubmed link
• 320  Hollander JB, Begun FP, Lee RD. Scrotal fat necrosis. J Urol 1985;134:150–1. Pubmed link
• 321  Tsurusaki T, Maruta N, Iwasaki S, et al. Idiopathic bilateral panniculitis of the spermatic cord in an elderly male patient. J Urol 2000;164:1657–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 322  Lin Y, Lin M, Huang G, et al. Acute pancreatitis masquerading as testicular torsion. Am J Emerg Med 1996;14:654–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 323  International Study Group for Behçet's disease. Criteria for diagnosis of Behçet's disease. Lancet 1990;335:1078–80. Pubmed link
• 324  Kirkali Z, Yigitbasi O, Sasmaz R. Urological aspects of Behçet's disease. Br J Urol 1991;67:638–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 325  Orhan I, Onur R, Ardicoglu A, Salatan Y. Behçet's disease and spontaneous haematocoele: an unusual complication. BJU Int 1999;84:739–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 326  Aksu K, Keser G, Gunaydin G, et al. Erectile dysfunction in Behçet's disease without neurological involvement: two case reports. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2000;39:1429–31. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 327  Firestein GS, Gruber HE, Weisman MH, et al. Mouth and genital ulcers and inflamed cartilage: MAGIC syndrome. Am J Med 1985;79:65–72. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 328  Orme RL, Nordlund JJ, Barich L, Brown T. The magic syndrome (mouth and genital ulcers with inflamed cartilage). Arch Dermatol 1990;126:940–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 329  Chan C‐C, Thyong H‐Y, Chan Y‐C, Liao Y‐H. Human papillomavirus type 5 infection in a patient with Hailey–Hailey disease successfully treated with imiquimod. Br J Dermatol 2007;156:579–81. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 330  Thomson KF, Highet AS. Penile ulceration in fatal malignant atrophic papulosis (Degos’ disease). Br J Dermatol 2000;143:1320–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 331  Aydogan K, Alkan G, Karadogan Koran S, et al. Painful penile ulceration in a patient with malignant atrophic papulosis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2005;19:612–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 332  Morgan MB, Viloria J, Morgan JD, Suarez‐Hoyos J. Human immunodeficiency virus infection and hypereosinophilic syndrome. J Florida Med Assoc 1994;81:401–2.
• 333  Osada T, Inoue T, Hirano A, Tanaka K. Wegener's granulomatosis with penile necrosis. Jpn J Clin Urol 1974;28:549–55.
• 334  Matsuda O, Mitsukawa S, Ishii N, Shirai M. A case of Wegener's granulomatosis with necrosis of the penis. Tohuku J Exper Med 1976;118:145–51. Cross Ref link
• 335  Allen DC, Walsh MY. Malignant lymphoma of the scrotum and Wegener's granulomatosis of the penis – genital presentation of systemic disease. Ulster Med J 1996;65:169–72. Pubmed link
• 336  Bunker CB. Male Genital Skin Disease. London: Saunders, 2004.
• 337  Bories N, Becuwe C, Marcilly MC, et al. Glans penis ulceration revealing Wegener's granulomatosis. Dermatology 2007;214:187–9. Pubmed link
• 338  Yoshii N, Kanekura T, Higashi Y, et al. Erythema elevatum diutinum manifesting as a penile ulcer. Clin Exp Dermatol 2007;32:211–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 339  Lecroq C, Thomine E, Bouillie MC, Lauret P. Necrobiose lipoidique atypique genitale. Ann Dermatol Vénéréol 1984;111:717–18.
• 340  Espana A, Sanchez‐Yus E, Serna MJ, et al. Chronic balanitis with palisading granuloma: an atypical genital localization of necrobiosis lipoidica responsive to pentoxifylline. Dermatology 1994;188:222–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 341  Tokura Y, Mizushima Y, Hata M, Takigawa M. Necrobiosis lipoidica of the glans penis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;49:921–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 342  Gopi SS, Evans AT, Raza A, Byrne DJ. Superficial granulomatous pyoderma gangrenosum of the penis: a case report. Scientific World J 2007;7:2426–9.
• 343  Bigler LR, Flint ID, Davis LS. Painful ulcers of the scrotum. Arch Dermatol 1995;31:609–14. Cross Ref link
• 344  Çalikoglu E. Superficial granulomatous pyoderma of the scrotum: an extremely rare cause of genital ulcer. Acta Dermatol Venereol 2000;80:311–12. Cross Ref link
• 345  Farrell AM, Black MM, Bracka A, Bunker CB. Pyoderma gangrenosum of the penis. Br J Dermatol 1998;138:337–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 346  Gopi SS, Evans AT, Raza A, Byrne DJ. Superficial granulomatous pyoderma gangrenosum of the penis: a case report. Sci World J 2007;7:2426–9.
• 347  Kohjimoto Y, Inagaki T, Iba A, et al. Pyoderma gangrenosum of the penis presenting as Fournier's gangrene: a case report. Hinyokika Kiyo 2005;51:411–15. Pubmed link
• 348  Sanusi ID, Gonzalez E, Venable DD. Pyoderma gangrenosum of penile and scrotal skin. J Urol 1982;127:547–9. Pubmed link
• 349  Harto A, Gutiérrez Sanz‐Gadea C, Vives R, et al. Pioderma gangrenoso en pene. Acta Urol Esp 1985;9:263–6.
• 350  Sánchez MH, Sánchez SR, del Cerro Heredero M, et al. Pyoderma gangrenosum of penile skin. Int J Dermatol 1997;36:638–9. Pubmed link
• 351  Güngör E, Karakayali G, Alli N, et al. Penile pyoderma gangrenosum. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 1999;12:59–62. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 352  Park HJ, Kim YC, Cinn YW, Yoon TY. Granulomatous pyoderma gangrenosum: two unusual cases showing necrotizing granulomatous inflammation. Clin Exp Dermatol 2000;25:617–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 353  Lally A, Hollowood K, Bunker CB, Turner R. Penile pyoderma gangrenosum treated with topical tacrolimus. Arch Dermatol 2005;141:1175–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 354  Ivker RA, Woosley J, Briggaman R. Calciphylaxis in three patients with end‐stage renal disease. Arch Dermatol 1995;131:63–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 355  Siami GA, Siami FS. Intensive tandem cryofiltration apheresis and haemodialysis to treat a patient with severe calciphylaxis, cryoglobulinemia, and end‐stage renal disease. ASAIO J 1999;45:229–33. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 356  Boccaletti VP, Ricci R, Sebastio N, et al. Penile necrosis. Arch Dermatol 2000;136:261, 264. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 357  Woods M, Pattee SF, Levine N. Penile calciphylaxis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;54:736–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 358  Ohta A, Ohomori S, Mizukami T, et al. Penile necrosis by calciphylaxis in a diabetic patient with chronic renal failure. Intern Med 2007;46:985–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 359  Oikawa S, Osajima A, Tamura M, et al. Development of proximal calciphylaxis with penile involvement after parathyroidectomy in a patient on hemodialysis. Intern Med 2004;43:63–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 360  Mishra K, Husain, J, Rajawat V. Ulcers in penoscrotal region, post chikungunya. Proceedings of the Indian Association of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology Meeting. Gangigarh, India, 2008. P‐136, P‐13.
• 361  Thorns C, Urban H, Remmler K, et al. Primary cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma of the penis. Histopathology. 2003;42:513–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 362  Toledo‐Pastrrana T, Ferrandiz L, Pchardo A, et al. Tuberculosis: an unusual cause of genital ulcer. Sex Trans Dis 2012;39:643–4. Cross Ref link
• 363  Yavasoglu I, Unubol M, Sargin G, et al. Penile ulcer atra related in a patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia. Med J Haem Infect Dis 2012;4:epub.
• 364  Najera J, Harn L. Chronic eosinophilic leukemia presenting with mouth and penile ulcers. Am J Med 2012;125:5–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 365  Dosekun O, White J. Methicillin‐resistant staphylococcus aureus as a cause of genital ulcer‐adenpopthy syndrome. Int J STD AIDS 2012;23:524–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 366  Mohanty I, Mohanty P, Patnaik S, Panda P. Amoebic ulcer of the male genitalia: a rare case report. Indian J Sex Transm Dis 2010;31;116–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 367  Rubio FA, Robayna G, Herranz P, et al. Necrotizing vasculitis of the glans penis. Br J Dermatol 1999;40:756–7.
• 368  Karademir K, Senkul T, Atasoyu E, et al. Ulcerative necrosis of the glans penis resulting from polyarteritis nodosa. J Clin Rheumatol 2005;11:167–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 369  Bour J, Steinhardt G. Penile necrosis in diabetes mellitus and end stage renal disease. J Urol 1984;132:560–2. Pubmed link
• 370  Frydenberg M. Penile gangrene: a separate entity from Fournier's syndrome? Br J Urol 1988;61:532–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 371  Lowe FC, Brendler CB. Penile gangrene: a complication of secondary hyperparathyroidism from chronic renal failure. J Urol 1984;132:1189–91. Pubmed link
• 372  Sodal G, Ly B, Borchgrevink HH. Thrombosis of the inferior vena cava, disseminated intravascular coagulation and gangrene of the penis. Acta Med Scand 1978;203:535–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 373  Grossklaus DJ, Dutta SC, Shappel S, Kirchner FK. Cutaneous mucormycosis presenting as a penile lesion in a patient with acute myeloblastic leukaemia. J Urol 1999;161:1906–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 374  Durand C, Alonso C, Subhawong A, et al. Rapidly progressive cutaneous Rhizopus microsporum infection presenting as Fournier's gangrene in a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia. Transpl Infect Dis 2011;13:392–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 375  Tripp B, Chu F, Halwani F, Hassouna M. Necrotizing vasculitis of the penis in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Urol 1995;154;528–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 376  Prematilleke I, Espinosa O, Henderson J, et al. Penile calciphylaxis: an unusual cause of penile necrosis. Histopathology 2012;61;749–50. Pubmed link

Pilonidal sinus

• 377  Al‐Qassim Z, Reddy K, Khan Z, Reddy I. Pilonidal sinus cyst of the penis. BMJ 2013;21.
• 378  Val‐Bernal JF, Azcarretazabal T, Garijo MF. Pilonidal sinus of the penis: a report of two cases, one of them associated with actinomycosis. J Cutan Pathol 1999;26:155–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 379  O'Kane HF, Duggan B, Mulholland C, Crosbie J. Pilonidal sinus of the penis. Sci World J 2004;4(Suppl. 1):258–9. Cross Ref link
• 380  Rashid AMH, Menai Williams R, Parry D, Malone PR. Actinomycosis associated with pilonidal sinus of the penis. J Urol 1992;148:405–6. Pubmed link
• 381  Tomasini C, Aloi F, Puiatti P, Caliendo V. Dermoid cyst of the penis. Dermatology 1997;194:188–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Peyronie disease

• 382  Smith BH. Subclinical Peyronie's disease. Am J Clin Pathol 1969;52:385–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 383  Billig R, Baker R, Immergut M, Maxted W. Peyronie's disease. Urology 1975;6:409–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 384  Simeon CP, Fonollosa V, Vilardell M, et al. Impotence and Peyronie's disease in systemic sclerosis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1994;12:464. Pubmed link
• 385  Aversa A, Proietti M, Bruzziches R, et al. The penile vasculature in systemic sclerosis: a duplex ultrasound study. J Sex Med 2006;3:554–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 386  Mooradian AD, Viosca SP, Kaiser FE, et al. Penile Raynaud's phenomenon: a possible cause of erectile failure. Am J Med 1988;85:748–50. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 387  Ganem JP, Lucey DT, Janosko EO, Carson CC. Unusual complications of the vacuum erection device. Urology 1998;51:627–31. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 388  Schiavino D, Sasso F, Nucera E, et al. Immunologic findings in Peyronie's disease: a controlled study. Urology 1997;50:764–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 389  Grigg AP, Underhill C, Russell J, Sale G. Peyronie's disease as a complication of chronic graft versus host disease. Hematology 2002;7:165–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 390  Horn AS, Pecora A, Chiesa JC, Alloy A. Penile thrombophlebitis as a presenting manifestation of pancreatic carcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol 1985;80:463–5. Pubmed link
• 391  Desanctis PN, Furey CA Jr. Steroid injection therapy for Peyronie's disease: a 10‐year summary and review of 38 cases. J Urol 1967;97:114–16. Pubmed link
• 392  Winter CC, Khanna R. Peyronie's disease: results with dermo‐jet injection of dexamethasone. J Urol 1975;114:898–900. Pubmed link
• 393  Chun JL, McGregor A, Krishnan R, Carson CC. A comparison of dermal and cadaveric pericardial grafts in the modified Horton–Devine procedure for Peyronie's disease. J Urol 2001;166:185–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 394  Riedl CR, Plas E, Engelhardt P, et al. Iontophoresis for treatment of Peyronie's disease. J Urol 2000;163:95–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 395  Paullis G, Cavallini G, Brancato T, Alvaro R. Peironimev‐Plus in the treatment of chronic inflammation of tunica albuginea. Results of a controlled study. Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets 2013;12:61–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Drug reactions

• 396  Gruber F, Stasic A, Lenkovic M, Brajac I. Postcoital fixed drug eruption in a man sensitive to trimethoprim‐sulphamethoxazole. Clin Exp Dermatol 1997;22:144–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 397  Zawar V, Kirloskar M, Chuh A. Fixed drug eruption – a sexually inducible reaction? Int J STD AIDS 2004;15:560–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 398  Borgstrom E. Penile ulcer as complication in self‐induced papaverine erections. Urology 1988;32:416–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 399  Coles RB, Wilkinson DS. Necrosis and dequalinium. I. Balanitis. Trans St John's Hosp Dermatol Soc 1965;51:46–8.
• 400  Esser AC, Nossa R, Shoji T, Sapadin AN. All‐trans‐retinoic acid‐induced scrotal ulcerations in a patient with acute promyelocytic leukaemia. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;43:316–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 401  Evans LM, Grossman ME. Foscarnet‐induced penile ulcer. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992;27:124–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 402  Gross AS, Dretler RH. Foscarnet‐induced penile ulcer in an uncircumcised patient with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 1993;17:1076–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 403  Moyle G, Gazzard BG. Opportunistic infections and tumours: cytomegalovirus infection. In: Gazzard BG, ed. AIDS Care Handbook. London: Mediscript, 2002.
• 404  Torres T, Fernandes I, Sanches M, Selores M. Foscarnet‐induced penile ulceration. Acta Dermatovernerol Alp Panonica Adriat 2011;20:39–40.
• 405  Birnie A, Dearing S, Littlewood S, Carlin E. Nicorandil‐induced ulceration of the penis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2008;33:215–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 406  Ogden S, Mukasa Y, Lyon CC, Coulson IH. Nicorandil‐induced peristomal ulcers: is nicorandil also associated with gastrointestinal fistula formation? Br J Dermatol 2007;156:575–612. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 407  Griffiths MR, Milne JT, Porter WM. Penile argyria. Br J Dermatol 2006;154:1074–5. Cross Ref link
• 408  Harmanyeri Y, Taskapan O, Dogan B, et al. A case of coumarin necrosis with penile and pedal involvement. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 1998;10:248–52. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 409  Chang I, Ha M, Chi B, et al. Warfarin‐induced penile necrosis in a patient with heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia. J Kor Med Sci 2010;25:1390–3. Cross Ref link

Other inflammatory dermatoses

• 410  Bottomley WW, Cotterill JA. Acquired zinc deficiency presenting with an acutely tender erythematous scrotum. Br J Dermatol 1993;129:501–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 411  Bewley AP, Ross JS, Bunker CB, Staughton RC. Successful treatment of a patient with octreotide‐resistant necrolytic migratory erythema. Br J Dermatol 1996;134:1101–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 412  Hershkovitz T, Hassoun G, Indelman M, et al. A homozygous missense mutation in PEPD encoding peptidase D causes prolidase deficiency associated with hyper‐IgE syndrome. Clin Exp Dermatol 2006;31:435–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 413  Sami N, Ahmed AR. Penile pemphigus. Arch Dermatol 2001;137:756–8. Pubmed link
• 414  Castle WN, Wentzell JM, Schwartz BK, et al. Chronic balanitis due to pemphigus vegetans. J Urol 1987;137:289–91. Pubmed link
• 415  Kirtschig G, Mengel R, Mittag H, et al. Desquamative gingivitis and balanitis: linear IgA disease or cicatricial pemphigoid? Clin Exp Dermatol 1998;23:173–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 416  Ramlogan D, Coulsom IH, McGeorge A. Cicatricial pemphigoid: a diagnostic problem for the urologist. J R Coll Surg Edin 2000;45:62–3.
• 417  Fueston JC, Adams BB, Mutasim DF. Cicatricial pemphigoid‐induced phimosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;46:S128–9. Cross Ref link
• 418  Orihuela E, Tyring SK, Pow‐Sang M, et al. Development of human papillomavirus type 16‐asssociated squamous cell carcinoma of the scrotum in a patient with Darier's disease treated with systemic isotreinoin. J Urol 1995;153:1940–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 419  Wei H, Friedman KA, Rudikoff D. Multiple indurated papules on penis and scrotum. J Cutan Med Surg 2000;4:202–4. Pubmed link
• 420  Rubinstein I, Baum GL, Hiss Y. Sarcoidosis of the penis: report of a case. J Urol 1986;135:1016–17. Pubmed link
• 421  Mahmood N, Afzal N, Joyce A. Sarcoidosis of the penis. Br J Urol 1997;80:155. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 422  Turk CO, Schacht M, Ross L. Diagnosis and management of testicular sarcoidosis. J Urol 1986;135:380–1. Pubmed link
• 423  Sieber PR, Duggan FE. Sarcoidosis and testicular tumors. Urology 1988;31:140–1. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 424  Gross AJ, Heinzer H, Loy V, Dieckmann K‐P. Unusual differential diagnosis of testis tumor: intrascrotal sarcoidosis. J Urol 1992;147:1112–14. Pubmed link
• 425  Mor Y, Zaidi SZ, Rose DS, et al. Granulomatous lymphangitis of the penile skin as a cause of penile swelling in children. J Urol 1997;158:591–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 426  Goh M, Tekchanani AH, Wojno KJ, et al. Metastatic Crohn's disease involving penile skin. J Urol 1998;159:506–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 427  Corazza M, Ughi G, Spisani L, Virgili A. Metastatic ulcerative penile Crohn's disease. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 1999;13:224–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 428  Lehrnbecher T, Kontny HU, Jeschke R. Metastatic Crohn's disease in a 9‐year‐old boy. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1999;28:321–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 429  Acker SM, Sahn EE, Rogers HC, et al. Genital cutaneous Crohn disease: two cases with unusual clinical and histopathologic features in young men. Am J Dermatopathol 2000;22:443–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 430  Slaney G, Muller S, Clay J, et al. Crohn's disease involving the penis. Gut 1986;27:329–33. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 431  Phillips SS, Baird DB, Joshi VV, et al. Crohn's disease of the prepuce in a 12‐year‐old boy: a case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Pathol Lab Med 1997;17:497–502. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 432  Tan E, David N, Kinsey W, Levell NJ. Recurrrent painful ulcers on the penis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2006;31:317–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 433  Merika EE, Darling MI, Craig P, et al. Primary cutaneous amyloidosis of the glans penis. Two case reports and a review of the literature. Br J Dermatol 2014 Mar;170(3):730–4 (review). Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 434  Leal SM, Novsam N, Kacks SI. Case report: amyloidosis presenting as a penile mass. J Urol 1988;140:830–1. Pubmed link
• 435  Provet JA, Rakham J, Mennen J, et al. Primary amyloidosis of urethra. Urology 1989;34:106–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 436  Noone TC, Clark RL. Primary isolated urethral amyloidosis. Abdom Imaging 1997;22:448–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 437  Ochonisky S, Wechsler J, Marinho E, Revuz J. Eccrine syringofibroadenomatosis (Mascaro) with mucous involvement. Arch Dermatol 1994;130:933–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 438  Val‐Bernal JF, Hernandez‐Nieto E. Benign mucinous metaplasia of the penis: a lesion resembling extramammary Paget's disease. J Cutan Pathol 2000;27:76–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 439  Kappel TJ, Abenoza P. Mucinous syringometaplasia. Am J Dermatopathol 1993;15:562–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 440  Melekos MD, Asbach HW, Markou SA. Aetiology of acute scrotum in 100 boys with regard to age distribution. J Urol 1988;139:1023. Pubmed link
• 441  Nesbit RM, Hodgson NB. Thromboangiitis obliterans of the spermatic cord. Trans Am Assoc Genitourin Surg 1959;51:92–4. Pubmed link
• 442  Udall DA, Drake DJ, Rosenberg RS. Acute scrotal swelling: a physical sign of primary peritonitis. J Urol 1981;125:750–1. Pubmed link
• 443  Fahal AH, Suliman SH, Sharfi AR, el Mahadi EM. Acute idiopathic scrotal oedema in association with diabetic septic foot. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1993;21:197–200. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 444  David S, Schiff JD, Poppas DP. Henoch–Schönlein purpura involving the glans penis. Urology 2003;61:1035. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 445  Laor T, Atala A, Teele RL. Scrotal ultrasonography in Henoch–Schönlein purpura. Pediatr Radiol 1992;22:505–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 446  Dubin BA, Bronson DM, Eng AM. Acute hemorrhagic oedema of childhood: an unusual variant of leukocytoclastic vasculitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990;23:347–50. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 447  Gedalia A, Adar A, Gorodischer R. Familial Mediterranean fever in children. J Rheumatol 1992;19(Suppl. 35):1–9. Pubmed link
• 448  Dahl EV, Baggenstoss AH, deWeerd JH. Testicular lesions of periarteritis nodosa, with special reference to diagnosis. Am J Med 1960;28:222–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 449  Lee LM, Moloney PJ, Wong HCG, et al. Testicular pain: an unusual presentation of polyarteritis nodosa. J Urol 1983;129:1243–4. Pubmed link
• 450  Wright LF, Bicknell SL. Systemic necrotizing vasculitis presenting as epididymitis. J Urol 1986;136:1094. Pubmed link
• 451  Rivollier C, Martin L, Machet L, et al. Genital papules revealing a Churg–Strauss syndrome. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2002;129:1049–52. Pubmed link