Part 1 Foundations of Dermatology
- 1History of Dermatology
- 2Structure and Function of the Skin
- Overview
- Components of normal human skin
- Skin development
- Epidermal and adnexal structures
- Keratinocytes
- Eccrine and apocrine glands
- Pilosebaceous unit
- Nails
- Merkel cells
- Innate immunity
- Skin microbiome
- Langerhans cells
- Immune surveillance
- Mast cells
- Melanocytes
- Desmosomes
- Adherens junctions
- Gap junctions
- Tight junctions
- Dermal–epidermal basement membrane
- Basement membrane collagen
- Laminins
- Hemidesmosomes
- Anchoring fibrils
- Extracellular matrix
- Collagens
- Collagen biosynthesis
- Collagen biology
- Collagen cross‐linking
- Collagen degradation
- Elastic fibres
- Elastin
- Elastin‐associated microfibrils
- Proteoglycan/glycosaminoglycans
- Fibroblasts
- Blood vessels and lymphatics
- Subcutaneous fat
- Physiological functions of skin
- Skin homeostasis
- Skin ageing
- References
- 3Histopathology of the Skin: General Principles
- Overview
- Introduction
- Biopsy of the skin
- Laboratory methods
- Immunopathology
- Other diagnostic methods
- Artefacts
- Approach to microscopic examination of tissue sections
- Preparing for microscopy
- Microscopic interpretation
- How to produce a histopathology skin report
- Commonly used descriptive terms in dermatopathology, and their diagnostic significance
- Acantholysis
- Acanthosis
- Anaplasia
- Apoptosis
- Basal lamina
- Bullae
- Colloid body
- Crust
- Curlicue (storiform) pattern
- Degenerations
- Desmoplasia
- Dyskeratosis
- Dysplasia
- Exocytosis
- Granuloma
- Grenz zone
- Hypergranulosis
- Hyperkeratosis
- Kamino bodies (eosinophilic globules)
- Karyorrhexis
- Lichenoid tissue reaction
- Metaplasia
- Necrobiosis
- Necrolysis
- Necrosis
- Papilloma
- Papillomatosis
- Parakeratosis
- Pigmentary incontinence
- Pleomorphism
- Polymorphism
- Pustules and abscesses
- Pyknosis
- Saw‐toothing
- Spongiosis
- Storiform patterning
- Theque
- Villi
- Histological sections that reveal little or no abnormality
- Conclusions
- References
- 4Diagnosis of Skin Disease
- Overview
- Fundamentals of diagnosis
- Disease definition
- The history
- Quality of life in dermatology patients
- Examination of the skin
- Description of skin lesions
- Clinical microscopy, dermoscopy and other imaging systems
- Fine‐needle aspiration of lymph nodes
- Radiological and imaging examinations
- Skin testing (prick and scratch, intradermal and patch testing)
- Teledermatology
- Mobile smartphone applications
- References
- 5Epidemiology of Skin Disease
- Overview
- What is epidemiology and why is it relevant to dermatology?
- Thinking in terms of populations rather than individuals
- How much of a public health problem is skin disease?
- What determines the frequency of skin disease in populations?
- Describing the natural history and associations of specific skin diseases
- Health services research in dermatology
- Conclusions
- Glossary of epidemiological terms
- Checklist for reading ‘epidemiological studies' in dermatology
- Recommended further reading and useful dermatoepidemiology resources
- References
- 6Health Economics and Skin Disease
- 7Genetics and the Skin
- 8Inflammation, Immunology and Allergy
- Overview
- Clinical characteristics of inflammation
- Phases of inflammation
- Cellular components of cutaneous inflammation
- Innate immune defence mechanisms
- Cells regulating innate immunity
- Adaptive immune system
- Mediators of inflammation
- Acute‐phase proteins
- Cytokines
- Interleukins
- Interferons
- Tumour necrosis factor
- Cytokine suppressors and inhibitors
- Chemokines
- Chemokine receptors
- Proteases
- Matrix metalloproteinases
- Lysosomal mediators
- Radical oxygen species
- Nitric oxide
- Histamine
- Platelet‐activating factor
- Prostaglandins and thromboxanes
- Leukotrienes
- Neuromediators
- Cell apoptosis and inflammation
- Allergy
- Immunity, T cells and dendritic cells
- Overview of the phases in an allergic reaction
- Phase of sensitization with focus on IgE
- Special properties of proteins alleviate allergy development
- IgE structure and biology
- IgE receptors and IgE amplification mechanisms
- Effector phase in allergy
- Early‐phase or immediate response initiates the allergic reaction in type I hypersensitivity
- Late‐phase response in allergic reactions
- Hypersensitivity type II, III and IV reactions
- References
- 9Photobiology
- 10Cutaneous Response to Injury and Wound Healing
- 11Psychological and Social Impact of Long‐term Dermatological Conditions
- Overview
- Psychological and social challenges of dermatological conditions
- Psychological impact of dermatological conditions with emphasis on psoriasis
- Social impact of dermatology conditions
- Skin conditions and associated co‐morbidities
- Treatment challenges
- Implications of psychological and social impact of dermatological conditions for integrated clinical management
- References
- 12Adverse Immunological Reactions to Drugs
- 13Topical Drug Delivery
- Overview
- Introduction: skin barrier function
- Penetration pathways: mechanisms of percutaneous absorption
- Factors determining drug permeation into the skin
- Topical drug formulations used to treat dermatological disease
- Assessment of topical drug bioavailability and bioequivalence between formulations
- Optimization of dermatological medicines
- Conclusions
- References
- 14Clinical Pharmacology
Part 2 Management
- 15Principles of Holistic Management of Skin Disease
- 16Principles of Measurement and Assessment in Dermatology
- Overview
- Measurement of skin disease severity
- Assessment tools
- Objective methods for measuring skin properties
- Measurement of the impact of skin disease
- Quality of life measures used in dermatology
- General health measures
- Dermatology‐specific measures
- Disease‐specific quality of life measures
- Patient‐specific and utility measures
- Measuring the impact of skin disease in children and adolescents
- Measuring the impact of skin disease on partners and the family
- Assessing life course impairment resulting from skin disease
- Practical clinical use of quality of life measures: a vital sign?
- References
- 17Principles of Evidence‐based Dermatology
- Overview
- Evidence‐based medicine
- Formulating questions and finding evidence
- Critically appraising evidence and applying it to individual patients
- Evaluating the data in clinical research papers and a shortcut method for reading clinical research papers
- References
- 18Principles of Topical Therapy
- Overview
- Introduction
- Prescribing topical treatment
- Hazards associated with topical treatment
- Formulation of topical medicaments
- Topical treatments used in the management of skin disease
- Emollients
- Astringents
- Anti‐infective agents
- Antifungal agents
- Antiviral agents
- Antiparasitic agents
- Topical glucocorticoids
- Calcineurin inhibitors
- Retinoids
- Vitamin D analogues (deltanoids, secosteroids)
- Cytotoxic and antineoplastic agents
- Depigmenting agents
- Depilatories
- Sensitizing agents
- Sunscreens
- Tars
- Antihistamines
- Antiperspirants
- Traditional remedies
- Miscellaneous agents
- References
- 19Principles of Systemic Therapy
- Overview
- Introduction
- Immunomodulatory drugs
- Antihistamines
- Antimalarial agents
- Azathioprine
- Ciclosporin
- Colchicine
- Dapsone
- Fumaric acid esters
- Systemic glucocorticoids
- Hydroxycarbamide
- Methotrexate
- Mycophenolate mofetil
- Potassium iodide
- Biological therapies (protein therapeutics)
- Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy
- Systemic retinoids
- Thalidomide
- Antimicrobial drugs
- References
- 20Principles of Skin Surgery
- Overview
- Introduction
- Critical anatomical considerations
- Equipment and sterilization
- Safety aspects
- Complications
- Local anaesthetics
- Biopsy techniques
- Preoperative preparation
- Simple excision, suture technique and wound closure
- Dressings and postoperative care
- Flaps
- Skin grafts
- Other techniques for facilitating closure
- Mohs micrographic surgery
- Electrocautery and electrosurgery
- Cryosurgery
- Caustics
- Intralesional corticosteroid therapy
- Intralesional therapies for skin malignancies
- Miscellaneous surgical procedures and techniques
- Management of specific conditions
- Epidermoid cysts
- Lipomas
- Hidradenitis suppurativa
- Chondrodermatitis nodularis
- Digital myxoid cysts
- Axillary and palmar hyperhidrosis
- Hypertrophic scars and keloids
- Lesions on the shoulder, upper back and sternum
- Benign naevi
- Non‐melanoma skin cancer: basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas
- Lesions of the mucous membranes
- Keratoacanthoma
- Pigmented lesions
- Minor skin lesions: mollusca, milia and comedones
- References
- 21Principles of Phototherapy
- Overview
- Introduction
- History and background
- Ultraviolet radiation
- Indications for phototherapy
- How different therapies are administered
- Adverse effects
- Patient selection, assessment and education
- Patient and staff safety
- Patient follow‐up: skin cancer surveillance
- Clinical governance
- How to set up a phototherapy unit
- What's new: developments
- References
- 22Principles of Photodynamic Therapy
- 23Principles of Cutaneous Laser Therapy
- Overview
- Introduction
- Light and laser light characteristics
- Clinical applications of lasers and flashlamps
- General considerations
- Vascular lesions and vascular lasers
- Tattoos and pigmentary disorders
- Hair reduction
- Photothermal ablation in the treatment of skin disorders
- Non‐ablative and fractional modalities
- Low‐power lasers
- Laser‐assisted lipolysis
- References
- 24Principles of Radiotherapy
- Overview
- Introduction
- Ionizing radiation in the treatment of skin cancer
- Superficial radiotherapy treatment technique
- Megavoltage X‐ray therapy technique
- Radiosensitivity
- Indications for radiotherapy
- Benign disease
- Keloids
- Malignant skin disease
- Basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin
- Radiotherapy dose fractionation and treatment regimens
- Radiotherapy for particular skin sites: basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma
- Radiotherapy for particular skin tumours
- Basal cell carcinoma
- Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin
- Bowen disease
- Melanoma
- Lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma
- Merkel cell carcinoma
- Kaposi sarcoma
- Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans
- Carcinoma metastatic to the skin from other primaries
- Squamous cell and basal cell carcinoma in transplant patients
- Cutaneous lymphoma
- Mycosis fungoides
- Other lymphomas
- Acute radiation reaction (acute radiodermatitis)
- Late radiation reaction (chronic radiodermatitis)
- Tumour recurrence after radiotherapy
- Radiation‐induced tumours
- Rare tumours associated with previous irradiation
- References
Part 3 Infections & Infestations
- 25Viral Infections
- Overview
- Introduction
- POXVIRUS INFECTIONS
- General description of disease domain
- Basic biology
- Smallpox
- Vaccinia
- Monkeypox
- Cowpox
- Buffalopox
- Orf (contagious pustular dermatosis)
- Milker's nodule
- Molluscum contagiosum
- Tanapox
- HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS
- General description of disease domain
- Basic biology
- HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTIONS
- General description of disease domain
- Basic biology
- Herpes simplex: primary herpetic ginigivostomatitis
- Herpes simplex: recurrent oro‐facial and cutaneous
- Herpes simplex: primary genital
- Herpes simplex: recurrent genital
- Herpes simplex: neonatal
- Herpes simplex: inoculation
- VARICELLA‐ZOSTER VIRUS INFECTIONS
- General description of disease domain
- Basic biology
- EPSTEIN–BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS
- Introduction
- General description of disease domain
- Basic biology
- HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 6 AND 7 VIRUS INFECTIONS
- OTHER HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS
- POLYOMAVIRUS INFECTIONS
- HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTIONS
- Definition
- General description of disease domain
- Basic biology
- Subclinical and latent human papillomavirus infection
- Immunity to human papillomavirus
- Human papillomavirus (HPV): cutaneous warts
- Human papillomavirus (HPV): anogenital warts
- Human papillomavirus (HPV) associated intraepithelial and invasive neoplasias of genitalia and mucosae
- Epidermodysplasia verruciformis
- Human papillomavirus (HPV) in immune compromise
- HEPATITIS INFECTIONS
- PARVOVIRUS INFECTIONS
- HUMAN RETROVIRUS INFECTION
- VIRAL INSECT‐BORNE AND HAEMORRHAGIC FEVERS
- General description of disease domain
- Basic biology
- ARENAVIRUS INFECTIONS
- BUNYAVIRUS INFECTIONS
- FILOVIRUS INFECTIONS
- FLAVIVIRUS INFECTIONS
- TOGAVIRUS INFECTIONS
- PICORNAVIRUS INFECTIONS (ENTEROVIRUSES)
- RHABDOVIRUS INFECTIONS
- MYXOVIRUS INFECTIONS AND RELATED RNA VIRUSES
- OTHER CUTANEOUS PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH VIRAL INFECTIONS
- General description of disease domain
- Papular–pruritic gloves and socks syndrome
- TORCH syndrome
- Gianotti–Crosti syndrome (infantile papular acrodermatitis)
- Asymmetric periflexural exanthema of childhood
- Pityriasis rosea
- General description of disease domain
- References
- 26Bacterial Infections
- Overview
- Introduction: normal skin bacteria and bacterial microbiome
- GRAM‐POSITIVE BACTERIA
- STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
- COAGULASE‐NEGATIVE STAPHYLOCOCCI
- STREPTOCOCCI
- STAPHYLOCOCCAL AND STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS
- Clinical history
- Staphylococcus and Streptococcus in atopic eczema
- Impetigo
- Ecthyma
- Erysipelas and cellulitis
- Folliculitis
- Furuncle (boil, abscess)
- Carbuncle
- Sycosis
- Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome
- Toxic shock syndrome
- Toxin‐mediated perineal erythema, recurrent
- Streptococcal vulvovaginitis
- Streptococcal cellulitis, perianal
- Blistering distal dactylitis
- Toxin‐mediated streptococcal disease
- Clinical history
- CORYNEFORM BACTERIA
- ARCANOBACTERIUM HAEMOLYTICUM INFECTION
- TRUEPERELLA PYOGENES INFECTION
- PROPIONIBACTERIA
- BACILLUS
- LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES
- ERYSIPELOTHRIX RUSIOPATHIAE
- CLOSTRIDIUM
- GRAM‐NEGATIVE BACTERIA
- Neisseria meningitides
- ACINETOBACTER INFECTION
- MORAXELLA INFECTION
- PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
- BURKHOLDERIA
- STENOTROPHOMONAS MALTOPHILIA
- KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE RHINOSCLEROMATIS
- FRANCISELLA TULARENSIS
- PASTEURELLA
- YERSINIA INFECTIONS
- BRUCELLA
- BARTONELLA
- EHRLICHIA
- OTHER GRAM‐NEGATIVE BACILLI
- ANAEROBIC BACTERIA
- SPIROCHAETES AND SPIRAL BACTERIA
- LEGIONELLOSIS
- MISCELLANEOUS
- MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS
- CHLAMYDIAE
- RICKETTSIAL INFECTIONS
- Rickettsial infections: epidemic typhus
- Rickettsial infections: Brill‐Zinsser disease
- Rickettsial infections: murine typhus
- Spotted fever group
- ACTINOMYCETE INFECTIONS
- DERMATOSES POSSIBLY ATTRIBUTABLE TO BACTERIA
- References
- 27Mycobacterial Infections
- Overview
- Introduction
- MYCOBACTERIAL INFECTION
- TUBERCULOSIS OF THE SKIN
- Classification
- General description
- Basic biology
- Diagnostic tests for cutaneous tuberculosis
- Treatment
- BCG vaccination
- Tuberculosis and anti‐TNF‐α treatment
- Tuberculosis: primary inoculation
- Tuberculosis: scrofuloderma
- Tuberculosis: orificial
- Tuberculosis: acute cutaneous miliary
- Metastatic tuberculous abscess
- Tuberculosis: warty (tuberculosis verrucosa cutis)
- Tuberculosis: lupus vulgaris
-
TUBERCULIDS
- Classification
- General description
- Basic biology
- Lichen scrofulosorum
- Papulonecrotic tuberculid
- Erythema induratum of Bazin
- Other nodular
- NON‐TUBERCULOUS (ATYPICAL) MYCOBACTERIA
- Classification
- General description
- Basic biology
- Mycobacterium marinum infection
- Mycobacterium kansasii infection
- Mycobacterium ulcerans infection
- Mycobacterium avium complex (M. avium and M. intracellulare) infection
- Mycobacterium haemophilum infection
- Mycobacterium scrofulaceum infection
- Mycobacterium szulgai infection
- Mycobacterial infections due to fast‐growing mycobacteria
- References
- 28Leprosy
- Overview
-
Leprosy
- Definition and nomenclature
- Introduction and general description
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Management
- References
- 29Syphilis and Congenital Syphilis
- 30Other Sexually Transmitted Bacterial Diseases
- Overview
- Gonorrhoea
- Chlamydia infection, genital
- Lymphogranuloma venereum (ulcerative genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection)
- Chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi infection)
- Granuloma inguinale (donovanosis)
- References
- 31HIV and the Skin
- Overview
- HIV INFECTION AND AIDS
- DERMATOLOGICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF HIV INFECTION
- INTRODUCTION
- HIV‐ASSOCIATED DERMATOSES: PRURITUS, XEROSIS AND ICHTHYOSIS
- HIV‐ASSOCIATED DERMATOSES: PIGMENTARY
- HIV‐ASSOCIATED COAGULOPATHIES
- INFLAMMATORY DERMATOSES
- HIV‐associated dermatoses: erythroderma
- HIV‐associated dermatoses: seborrhoeic dermatitis
- HIV‐associated dermatoses: atopic eczema
- HIV‐associated dermatoses: psoriasis
- HIV‐associated dermatoses: eosinophilic folliculitis
- HIV‐associated dermatoses: pruritic papular eruption
- HIV‐associated dermatoses: granuloma annulare
- HIV‐associated dermatoses: porphyria cutanea tarda
- HIV‐associated drug reactions
- INFECTIONS
- HIV‐ASSOCIATED NEOPLASMS
- SPECIAL SITUATIONS
- References
- 32Fungal Infections
- Overview
- Introduction
- Basic biology
- SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES
- Classification
- General description
- Identification
- SKIN DISEASE CAUSED BY MALASSEZIA SPECIES
- SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES CAUSED BY OTHER SPECIES
- DERMATOPHYTOSIS
- Classification
- General description
- Basic biology
- Pathophysiology
- Identification
- Management
- Superficial mycoses caused by dermatophyte infection
- Dermatophytosis: tinea corporis
- Dermatophytosis: tinea capitis
- Dermatophytosis: tinea barbae
- Dermatophytosis: tinea faciei
- Dermatophytosis: tinea pedis
- Dermatophytosis: tinea manuum
- Dermatophytosis: tinea cruris
- Onychomycosis caused by dermatophytes
- Dermatophytosis: steroid‐modified tinea (tinea incognita)
- Dermatophytide reactions
- SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES DUE TO OTHER HYPHAL FUNGI
- ONYCHOMYCOSIS CAUSED BY OTHER NON‐DERMATOPHYTE MOULDS
- CANDIDOSIS
- Definition and nomenclature
- Classification
- General description
- Basic biology
- Pathophysiology
- Identification
- Management
- General principles of management
- Therapeutic agents
- First line
- Candidosis of oral mucous membranes
- Candidosis of skin and genital mucous membranes
- Candidosis of the nail and paronychium
- Other Candida diseases
- SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSES
- Classification
- General description
- Identification
- Collection of samples
- Direct examination and histopathology
- Culture and identification of isolates
- Sporotrichosis
- Mycetoma
- Chromoblastomycosis
- Phaeohyphomycosis
- Lobomycosis
- Rhinosporidiosis
- Basidiobolomycosis and Conidiobolomycosis
- SYSTEMIC MYCOSES
- Pathophysiology
- Identification
- Serological tests
- Direct examination and histopathology
- Culture and identification of isolates
- Glossary of terms
- References
- 33Parasitic Diseases
- Overview
- INFECTION WITH HUMAN NEMATODES
- INFECTION WITH NEMATODES OF OTHER ANIMALS
- INFECTION WITH TREMATODES
- INFECTION WITH CESTODES
- INFECTION WITH PROTOZOA
- Malaria
- Amoebiasis
- Trichomoniasis
- Trypansomiasis
- Leishmaniasis
-
Leishmaniasis, cutaneous
- Definition
- Introduction and general description
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Presentation
- Clinical variants
- Old World
- Cutaneous leishmaniasis due to L. major: wet, rural or zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis
- Cutaneous leishmaniasis due to L. tropica: dry, urban or anthroponotic leishmaniasis
- Cutaneous leishmaniasis due to L. aethiopica
- Cutaneous leishmaniasis due to L. donovani infantum
- Leishmaniasis recidivans: chronic leishmaniasis, lupoid leishmaniasis
- Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis: disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis, leishmaniasis cutis diffusa
- American cutaneous leishmaniasis and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
- Cutaneous leishmaniasis due to L. mexicana complex
- Cutaneous leishmaniasis due to L. brasiliensis complex
- Cutaneous leishmaniasis due to L. b. peruviana: ‘uta’
- Old World
- Investigations
- Management
- Leishmaniasis, visceral
-
Leishmaniasis, cutaneous
- Toxoplasmosis
- References
- 34Arthropods
- Overview
- SKIN DISEASE DUE TO ARTHROPODS
- CLASS INSECTA
- Mosquitoes, gnats, midges and flies (Diptera)
- Definition
- Classification
- Pathology
- Clinical features
- Management
- Myiasis
- Fleas (Siphonaptera)
- Hymenoptera (bees, wasps and ants), cutaneous reactions to
- Lice (Phthiraptera)
-
Bugs (Hemiptera), cutaneous reactions to
- Definition
- Classification
- Family Cimicidae, including bedbugs
- Family Reduviidae (kissing bugs, assassin bugs and cone‐nosed bugs)
- Family Anthocoridae, commonly called minute pirate bugs or flower bugs
- Family Pentatomidae, commonly called stink bugs
- Family Belostomatidae (giant water bugs)
- Thrips (Thysanoptera), cutaneous reactions to
- Beetles (Coleoptera), cutaneous reactions to
- Cockroaches (Dictyoptera), cutaneous reactions to
- Locusts (Orthoptera), cutaneous reactions to
- Butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera), cutaneous reactions to
- Mosquitoes, gnats, midges and flies (Diptera)
- CLASS ARACHNIDA
- Spiders (Araneae), cutaneous reactions to
- Scorpions (Scorpiones), cutaneous reactions to
- Ticks (Acari), cutaneous reactions to
- Mites (Acari)
- Scabies, human classical
- Scabies, human crusted
- Scabies, animal
- Family Knemidokoptidae
- Family Psoroptidae
- Family Listrophoridae
- Mites of stored products: cutaneous reactions to
- Mites, house‐dust: cutaneous reactions to
- Mites, Pyemotes: cutaneous reactions to
- Mites, Tydeidae: cutaneous reactions to
- Mites, plant: cutaneous reactions to
- Mites, Cheyletiella: cutaneous reactions to
- Mites, harvest (Trombiculidae): cutaneous reactions to
- Mites, bird, rodent and reptile (Gamasida): cutaneous reactions to
- Mites, follicle (Demodicidae): cutaneous reactions to
- CLASS CHILOPODA (CENTIPEDES) AND DIPLOPODA (MILLIPEDES)
- References
Part 4 Inflammatory
- 35Psoriasis and Related Disorders
- Overview
- Definition
-
PSORIASIS, PLAQUE
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Management
- PUSTULAR PSORIASIS
- Introduction and general description
-
Psoriasis, generalized pustular
- Definition
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Management
- Palmoplantar pustulosis
- Acrodermatitis continua of Hallopeau
-
Psoriasis, generalized pustular
- Introduction and general description
- PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS
- References
- 36Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris
- 37Lichen Planus and Lichenoid Disorders
- Overview
- Definition
- LICHEN PLANUS
- Introduction and general description
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Clinical variants
- Lichen planus principally involving mucous membranes
- Lichen planopilaris
- Lichen planus, hypertrophic
- Lichen planus of the palms and soles
- Lichen planus, actinic
- Lichen planus pigmentosus
- Lichen planus, annular
- Lichen planus, guttate
- Acute and subacute lichen planus with a confluence of lesions
- ‘Mixed’ lichen planus/discoid lupus erythematosus disease patterns
- Lichen planus, bullous and pemphigoides
- Lichen nitidus
- Nékám disease
- Complications
- Associated conditions
- Disease course and prognosis
- Investigations
- Management
- Cutaneous lichen planus
- Oral lichen planus
- Ano‐genital lichen planus
- Lichen planopilaris
- Frontal fibrosing alopecia
- Nail lichen planus
- Severe erosive lichen planus
- Lichen nitidus
- Nékám disease/keratosis lichenoides chronica
- ‘Mixed’ lichen planus/discoid lupus erythematosus disease patterns
- Actinic lichen planus
- Bullous lichen planus and lichen planus pemphigoides
- LICHEN STRIATUS
- References
- 38Graft‐versus‐host Disease
- 39Eczematous Disorders
- Overview
- ASSESSMENT, INVESTIGATION AND MANAGEMENT OF ECZEMATOUS DISORDERS
- Eczema
- Nummular dermatitis (discoid eczema)
- Asteatotic eczema
- Dermatitis and eczema of the hands
- Dermatitis and eczema of the lower legs
- Dermatitis and eczema of the eyelids
- Juvenile plantar dermatosis
- MISCELLANEOUS SPECIFIED ECZEMATOUS DERMATOSES
- OTHER RELATED DERMATOSES
- Lichen simplex and lichenification
- Erythroderma
- References
- 40Seborrhoeic dermatitis
- 41Atopic eczema (atopic dermatitis)
- Overview
- Definition and nomenclature
- Introduction and general description
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Management
- Treatment
- Conclusion
- References
- 42Urticaria
- Overview
- Urticaria
- Introduction and general description
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Management
- References
- 43Recurrent Angio‐oedema without Weals
- Overview
- Definition and nomenclature
- Introduction and general description
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Management
- References
- 44Urticarial Vasculitis
- 45Autoinflammatory Diseases Presenting in the Skin
- Overview
- Introduction
- MONOGENIC AUTOINFLAMMATORY SYNDROMES
- Definition
- Introduction and general description
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Hereditary periodic fevers
- Autoinflammatory syndromes with pustulosis
- Miscellaneous monogenic autoinflammatory syndromes
- COMPLEX AND POLYGENIC AUTOINFLAMMATORY DISEASES PRESENTING WITH URTICARIAL OR MACULOPAPULAR RASH
- OTHER DISEASES IN WHICH AUTOINFLAMMATORY MECHANISMS MAY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE
- References
- 46Mastocytosis
- 47Reactive Inflammatory Erythemas
- 48Adamantiades–Behçet disease
- 49Neutrophilic Dermatoses
- Overview
- Pyoderma Gangrenosum
- Sweet syndrome (acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis)
- Bowel‐associated dermatitis‐arthritis syndrome
- Subcorneal pustular dermatosis (Sneddon‐Wilkinson)
- Other neutrophilic dermatoses and variants
- References
- 50Immunobullous Diseases
- Overview
- Introduction
- INTRAEPIDERMAL IMMUNOBULLOUS DISEASES
- SUBEPIDERMAL IMMUNOBULLOUS DISEASES
- Introduction
- Pemphigoid, bullous
- Pemphigoid, mucous membrane
- Linear IgA disease
- Pemphigoid, anti‐p200
- Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita
- Systemic lupus erythematosus
- Very rare pemphigoid disorders
- Dermatitis herpetiformis
- Patient resources
- Introduction
- References
- 51Lupus Erythematosus
- Overview
- Introduction
- Lupus erythematosus, discoid (chronic cutaneous)
- Lupus erythematosus, subacute cutaneous
- Lupus erythematosus, systemic
- Lupus erythematosus. neonatal
- References
- 52Antiphospholipid syndrome
- 53Dermatomyositis
- 54Mixed connective tissue disease
- 55Dermatological Manifestations of Rheumatoid Disease
- 56Systemic sclerosis (systemic scleroderma)
- 57Morphoea (localized scleroderma)
- Overview
- Definition and nomenclature
- Classification
- Introduction and general description
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Management
- References
Part 5 Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders Affecting the Skin
- 58Cutaneous Amyloidoses
- Overview
- Introduction
- Ultrastructure and amyloidogenesis
- Functional and disease‐causing amyloids
- Basic classification
- Clinical presentation
- Investigations
- Management of cutaneous amyloidoses
- References
- 59Cutaneous Mucinoses
- Overview
- Introduction and general description
- PRIMARY MUCINOSES
- DERMAL MUCINOSES
- Lichen myxoedematosus (papular mucinosis)
- Mucinosis, reticular erythematosus
- Scleredema
- Myxoedema in thyroid diseases
- Mucinosis, papular and nodular in connective tissue diseases
- Mucinosis, self‐healing cutaneous
- Mucinosis, cutaneous focal
- Digital myxoid (mucous) cyst
- FOLLICULAR MUCINOSES
- DERMAL MUCINOSES
- MUCINOSES, SECONDARY
- References
- 60Cutaneous Porphyrias
- Overview
- Introduction
- GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS: THEORETICAL BASIS, CLINICAL FEATURES AND LABORATORY TESTING IN PORPHYRIA
- INDIVIDUAL PORPHYRIAS
- PORPHYRIAS THAT CAUSE CUTANEOUS DISEASE BUT DO NOT CAUSE ACUTE ATTACKS
- PORPHYRIAS THAT CAUSE CUTANEOUS DISEASE AND ACUTE ATTACKS
- MISCELLANEOUS
- References
- 61Calcification of the Skin and Subcutaneous Tissues
- Overview
- Calcification (idiopathic) secondary to inflammatory disease and infections
- Calcification (idiopathic) secondary to trauma or injection/infusion of calcium‐containing materials
- Calcification (idiopathic) secondary to tumours and genetic disease
- Calcification (idiopathic) of the skin and subcutaneous tissues
- Calcification, metastatic
- Calciphylaxis
- References
- 62Xanthomas and Abnormalities of Lipid Metabolism and Storage
- Overview
- Introduction
- Classification of dyslipidaemias
- XANTHOMAS
- PRIMARY DYSLIPIDAEMIAS: HYPERCHOLESTEROLAEMIA
- PRIMARY DYSLIPIDAEMIAS: COMBINED DYSLIPIDAEMIA
- PRIMARY DYSLIPIDAEMIAS: HYPERTRIGLYCERIDAEMIAS
- OTHER PRIMARY DYSLIPIDAEMIAS
- Dyslipidaemias, secondary
- References
- 63Nutritional Disorders Affecting the Skin
- Overview
- NUTRITION
- VITAMINS
- Vitamin A and the skin
- Vitamin D and the skin
- Vitamin E and the skin
- Vitamin K and the skin
- Vitamin B1 and the skin
- Vitamin B2 and the skin
- Vitamin B3 and the skin
- Vitamin B6 and the skin
- Vitamin B9 and the skin
- Vitamin B12 and the skin
- Vitamin C and the skin
- Biotin and the skin
- MINERALS
- Iron and the skin
- Zinc and the skin
- Copper and the skin
- Selenium and the skin
- Manganese and the skin
- References
- 64Skin Disorders in Diabetes Mellitus
- Overview
- Introduction
- Diabetes mellitus: Vascular damage
- Diabetes mellitus: Neurological damage
- Diabetes mellitus: Infections
- Obesity and hyperlipidaemia‐related skin disease
- Diabetes mellitus: Treatment‐related skin manifestations
- Diabetes mellitus: Disease associations and genetic syndromes
- Miscellaneous
- References
Part 6 Genetic Disorders Involving the Skin
- 65Inherited Disorders of Cornification
- Overview
- Introduction
- ICHTHYOSES
- Definition
- COMMON ICHTHYOSES
- Non‐syndromic congenital ichthyoses
- Autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis
- Keratinopathic ichthyoses
- Erythrokeratoderma
- Other non‐syndromic forms of ichthyosis
- SYNDROMIC ICHTHYOSES
- X‐linked syndromes concerning distal cholesterol biosynthesis
- Exfoliative disorders of cornification
- Neuro‐ichthyotic syndromes
- CEDNIK, MEDNIK, ARC, Gaucher disease type II, ELOVL4 deficiency and Stormorken syndrome
- Refsum disease
- Multiple sulphatase deficiency
- Sjögren–Larsson syndrome
- Keratitis–ichthyosis–deafness (KID syndrome)
- Neutral lipid storage disease with ichthyosis (Chanarin‐Dorfman syndrome)
- Trichothiodystrophy/Tay syndrome
- Neu–Laxova syndrome
- Coloboma–heart defect–ichthyosiform dermatosis–mental retardation–ear anomalies syndrome
- Miscellaneous syndromic ichthyoses
- MANAGEMENT OF CONGENITAL ICHTHYOSES
- ACQUIRED ICHTHYOSES
- PALMOPLANTAR KERATODERMA
- Definition and diagnostic approach
- NON‐SYNDROMIC PALMOPLANTAR KERATODERMA
- Palmoplantar keratoderma: epidermolytic
- Pachyonychia congenita
- Callosities, painful hereditary
- Palmoplantar keratoderma: non‐epidermolytic
- Mal de Meleda
- Loricrin keratoderma
- Palmoplantar keratoderma: striate and focal
- Palmoplantar keratoderma: punctate
- Keratoderma, spiny
- Keratoderma, marginal papular
- Cole disease
- Keratoderma, transient aquagenic
- SYNDROMIC KERATODERMA
- Palmoplantar keratoderma and cardiomyopathy
- Palmoplantar keratoderma and hearing impairment
- Palmoplantar keratoderma and cancer
- Palmoplantar keratoderma in ectodermal dysplasia and related diseases
- Palmoplantar keratoderma and ophthalmic manifestations
- Palmoplantar keratoderma and neurological manifestations
- ACQUIRED KERATODERMAS
- MISCELLANEOUS DISORDERS OF KERATINIZATION
- Keratolytic winter erythema
- Porokeratosis (inherited)
- Perforating keratotic disorders
- Multiple minute digitate hyperkeratoses
- Flegel disease
- Circumscribed palmoplantar hypokeratosis
- Waxy keratoses of childhood
- Hyperkeratosis of the nipple
- References
- 66Inherited Acantholytic Disorders
- 67Ectodermal Dysplasias
- Overview
- Ectodermal dysplasias
- Ectodermal dysplasia: X‐linked hypohidrotic with immunodeficiency
- Ectodermal dysplasia, hypohidrotic
- Ankyloblepharon–ectodermal defect–cleft lip/palate syndrome
- Ectrodactyly–ectodermal dysplasia–cleft lip/palate syndrome
- Tricho–dento–osseous syndrome
- Tricho‐rhino‐phalangeal syndrome
- Ectodermal dysplasia, hidrotic
- Focal dermal hypoplasia (Goltz syndrome)
- MIDAS syndrome
- Focal facial dermal dysplasia
- References
- 68Inherited Hair Disorders
- Overview
- Definition
- Introduction and general description
- HYPERTRICHOSES
- ATRICHIAS
- HYPOTRICHOSES
- HAIR SHAFT STRUCTURAL ABNORMALITIES
- OVERALL APPROACH TO THE DIAGNOSIS OF GENOTRICHOSES
- References
- 69Genetic Defects of Nails and Nail Growth
- 70Genetic Disorders of Pigmentation
- Overview
- Introduction and general description
- HYPOPIGMENTATION DISORDERS
- Piebaldism
- Waardenburg syndrome
- Oculocutaneous albinism
- Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome
- Chédiak–Higashi syndrome
- Griscelli–Pruniéras syndrome
- Oculocerebral syndrome with hypopigmentation (Cross syndrome/Kramer syndrome)
- Albinism–deafness syndrome (Ziprkowski–Margolis syndrome/Woolf syndrome)
- Hypomelanosis of Ito
- HYPERPIGMENTATION DISORDERS
- Familial progressive hyperpigmentation/progressive hyperpigmentation and generalized lentiginosis without associated systemic symptoms/familial progressive hyper‐ and hypopigmentation
- Incontinentia pigmenti
- Naevoid hypermelanosis, linear and whorled
- Dyskeratosis congenita
- Naegeli–Franceschetti–Jadassohn syndrome
- Dowling–Degos disease
- Reticulate acropigmentation of Kitamura
- Peutz–Jeghers–Touraine syndrome
- DYSCHROMATOSES
- References
- 71Genetic Blistering Diseases
- Overview
- Introduction
- Definition and classification
- Prevalence and incidence
- Skin proteins and genes implicated in epidermolysis bullosa
- Keratins 5 and 14: KRT5, KRT14
- Plakophilin‐1: PKP1
- Desmoplakin: DSP
- Plakoglobin: JUP
- Exophilin‐5: EXPH5
- Transglutaminase 5: TGM5
- Plectin: PLEC
- Dystonin epidermal isoform (BP230): DST‐e
- α6β4 integrin: ITGA6, ITGB4
- α3 integrin subunit: ITGA3
- Kindlin‐1: KIND1/FERMT1
- Type XVII collagen: COL17A1
- Laminin‐332: LAMA3, LAMB3, LAMC2
- Type VII collagen: COL7A1
- Other proteins and genes linked to skin fragility
- Clinical subtypes
-
Epidermolysis bullosa simplex
- Localized EB simplex
- Acral peeling skin syndrome
- Generalized severe EB simplex
- Generalized intermediate EB simplex
- EB simplex with mottled pigmentation
- EB simplex Ogna
- EB simplex migratory circinate
- EB simplex autosomal recessive keratin 14
- EB simplex with muscular dystrophy
- EB simplex with pyloric atresia
- EB simplex autosomal recessive BP230
- EB simplex autosomal recessive exophilin‐5
- EB simplex plakophilin‐1 deficiency
- EB simplex desmoplakin deficiency
- EB simplex plakoglobin deficiency
- EB simplex superficialis
- Molecular pathology of EB simplex
-
Epidermolysis bullosa, junctional
- Generalized severe junctional EB
- Generalized intermediate junctional EB
- Generalized late‐onset junctional EB
- Junctional EB with pyloric atresia
- Junctional EB with respiratory and renal involvement
- Localized junctional EB
- Localized junctional EB inversa
- Localized junctional EB laryngo‐onycho‐cutaneous syndrome
- Molecular pathology of junctional EB
-
Epidermolysis bullosa, dystrophic
- Dominant dystrophic EB generalized
- Dominant dystrophic EB acral
- Dominant or recessive dystrophic EB pretibial
- Dominant or recessive dystrophic EB pruriginosa
- Dominant dystrophic EB nails only
- Dominant or recessive dystrophic bullous dermolysis of the newborn
- Recessive dystrophic EB generalized severe
- Recessive dystrophic EB generalized intermediate
- Recessive dystrophic EB inversa
- Recessive dystrophic EB localized
- Recessive dystrophic EB centripetalis
- Molecular pathology of dystrophic EB
- Kindler syndrome
- Molecular pathology of Kindler syndrome
-
Epidermolysis bullosa simplex
- Diagnosis
- Differential diagnosis
- Other blistering genodermatoses
- Treatment
- Innovative therapies
- Gene therapy for dominant EB
- Gene therapy for recessive EB
- Genomic editing
- Recombinant protein therapy
- Cell therapy with intradermal allogeneic fibroblasts
- Cell therapy with intradermal mesenchymal stromal cells
- Bone marrow stem cell therapy
- Natural gene therapy: revertant mosaicism
- Inducible pluripotent stem cells
- Nonsense read‐through drugs and small molecule therapies
- References
- 72Genetic Disorders of Collagen, Elastin and Dermal Matrix
- Overview
- INHERITED DISORDERS OF COLLAGEN
-
Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
- Definition and nomenclature
- Introduction and general description
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Presentation
- Clinical variants
- Classical Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
- Hypermobility type (Ehlers–Danlos syndrome III)
- Vascular type (Ehlers–Danlos syndrome IV, vEDS)
- X‐linked type (Ehlers–Danlos syndrome V)
- Kyphoscoliosis types (Ehlers–Danlos syndrome VIA and VIB)
- Musculocontractural Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
- Ehlers–Danlos syndrome spondylocheiro dysplastic form
- Ehlers–Danlos syndrome type with progressive kyphoscoliosis, myopathy and hearing loss
- Arthrochalasia type (Ehlers–Danlos syndrome VIIA and VIIB; arthrochalasis multiplex congenita)
- Dermatosparaxis type (Ehlers–Danlos syndrome VIIC)
- Periodontitis type (Ehlers–Danlos syndrome VIII)
- Ehlers–Danlos syndrome IX (occipital horn syndrome)
- Fibronectin‐deficient type (Ehlers–Danlos syndrome X)
- Progeroid Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
- Tenascin‐X deficient Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
- Ehlers–Danlos syndrome and periventricular nodular heterotopia
- Differential diagnosis
- Complications and co‐morbidities
- Disease course and prognosis
- Investigations
- Management
- Resources
- Prolidase deficiency
- Osteogenesis imperfecta
-
Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
- INHERITED DISORDERS OF ELASTIC FIBRES
- ELASTINOPATHIES
- Cutis laxa, hereditary generalized
- Williams–Beuren syndrome
- Michelin tyre baby
- FIBRILLINOPATHY
- ELASTINOPATHIES
- INFANTILE STIFF SKIN SYNDROMES
- PREMATURE AGEING SYNDROMES
- DISORDERS OF ECTOPIC CALCIFICATION AND ABNORMAL MINERALIZATION
- MISCELLANEOUS DERMAL DISORDERS
- References
- 73Disorders Affecting Cutaneous Vasculature
- Overview
- Introduction
- CAPILLARY DISORDERS
- ARTERIOVENOUS DISORDERS
- VENOUS DISORDERS
- LYMPHATIC DISORDERS
- Introduction and general description
- Lymphatic malformation
- Schimmelpenning–Feuerstein‐Mims syndrome
- Lymphoedema, hereditary type IA
- Lymphoedema–distichiasis syndrome
- Hypotrichosis–lymphoedema–telangiectasia syndrome
- Hennekam lymphangiectasia–lymphoedema syndrome
- Microcephaly with or without chorioretinopathy, lymphoedema or mental retardation
- Choanal atresia and lymphoedema
- Lymphoedema, primary with myelodysplasia
- Other syndromes with lymphoedema
- Conclusions
- Introduction and general description
- References
- 74Genetic Disorders of Adipose Tissue
- 75Congenital Naevi and Other Developmental Abnormalities Affecting the Skin
- Overview
- CONGENITAL NAEVI
- Introduction
- Principles underlying the observable phenotypes of congenital naevi
- Classification of congenital naevi (see Appendix)
- Clinical phenotypic classification
- Histological classification
- Genetic classification
- Epidermal naevus, congenital
- Congenital pigment cell naevi
- Connective tissue naevus, congenital
- ‘Naevoid’ entities and currently unclassifiable naevi
- Introduction
- OTHER DEVELOPMENTAL ABNORMALITIES AFFECTING THE SKIN
- References
- 76Chromosomal Disorders
- 77Poikiloderma Syndromes
- 78DNA Repair Disorders with Cutaneous Features
- Overview
- Introduction
- Xeroderma pigmentosum
- Cockayne syndrome
- Trichothiodystrophy
- OTHER DISORDERS
- References
- 79Syndromes with Premature Ageing
- 80Hamartoneoplastic Syndromes
- Overview
- Introduction
- Neurofibromatosis
- Tuberous sclerosis complex
- Gardner syndrome
- Cowden syndrome
- References
- 81Inherited Metabolic Diseases
- Overview
- Introduction
- LYSOSOMAL STORAGE DISORDERS
- Mucopolysaccharidoses
- Individual glycoprotein degradation disorders
- Mucolipidoses
- Sphingolipidoses
- MITOCHONDRIAL RESPIRATORY CHAIN DISORDERS
- CONGENITAL DISORDERS OF GLYCOSYLATION
- DISORDERS OF AMINO ACID METABOLISM AND TRANSPORT
- DISORDERS OF CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS
- OTHER METABOLIC DISORDERS
- References
- 82Inherited Immunodeficiency
- Overview
- Introduction
- Diagnosis
- Primary immunodeficiencies with skin manifestations
- Immunodeficiency, primary combined
- Immunodeficiency, primary combined with associated or syndromic features
- Immunodeficiency, primary: antibody deficiencies
- Immunodeficiency, primary: immune dysregulation
- Immunodeficiency, primary: phagocyte defects
- Immunodeficiency, primary: innate immunity, defects in
- Immunodeficiency, primary: complement diseases
- References
Part 7 Psychological, Sensory & Neurological
- 83Pruritus, Prurigo and Lichen Simplex
- Overview
-
Pruritus
- Definition and nomenclature
- Introduction and general description
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- History
- Presentation
- Clinical variants
- Pruritus in inflamed skin (dermatoses)
- Pruritus of atopic eczema
- Pruritus of psoriasis vulgaris
- Itching in systemic disease
- Chronic kidney disease (nephrogenic or uraemic pruritus)
- Hepatobiliary diseases and cholestasis (cholestatic pruritus)
- Iron deficiency
- Polycythaemia vera
- Thyrotoxicosis
- Diabetes mellitus (diabetogenic pruritus)
- Malignancy (paraneoplastic pruritus)
- Drug‐induced pruritus
- Pruritus in pregnancy
- Pruritus of senescence
- Neurological diseases (neuropathic pruritus)
- Notalgia paraesthetica
- Brachioradial pruritus
- Psychiatric and psychosomatic diseases (psychogenic pruritus)
- Classification of severity and measurement of pruritus
- Investigations
- Management
- Resources
- Prurigo nodularis
- Lichen simplex chronicus
- References
- 84Mucocutaneous Pain Syndromes
- Overview
- Introduction
- Burning mouth syndrome (orodynia and glossodynia)
- Neuralgia, post‐herpetic
- Trigeminal neuropathic pain syndrome
- Trigeminal trophic syndrome
- Trigeminal trophic syndrome, atypical
- Vulovodynia, scrotodynia and penodynia
- Scalp pain, chronic
- Erythromelalgia
- References
- 85Neurological Conditions Affecting the Skin
- Overview
- Introduction
- Skin innervation
- Sensory innervation
- Autonomic nervous system
- Neurophysiological testing for skin innervation
- Sympathetic skin response
- Cold‐induced vasodilation
- Triple response of Lewis
- Neuropathic ulcer
- Syringomyelia
- Spinal dysraphism
- Spinal cord injury, dermatoses associated with
- Neuropathy, hereditary sensory and autonomic
- Sympathetic nerve injury
- Complex regional pain syndrome
- Horner syndrome
- Hyperhidrosis, gustatory
- Restless legs syndrome/burning feet syndrome
- References
- 86Psychodermatology and Psychocutaneous Disease
- Overview
- Introduction
- What is psychodermatology?
- Psychodermatology multidisciplinary teams
- Models of provision of psychodermatology services
- Classification
- Psychological co‐morbidities of chronic skin disease and the ’golden rules of psychodermatology’
- Stigmatization, visible differences and coping strategies
- Disability, quality of life and assessment in psychodermatology
- DELUSIONAL BELIEFS
- OBSESSIVE AND COMPULSIVE BEHAVIOUR
- Introduction and general description
- General principles of treatment
- Body dysmorphic disorder
- Lichen simplex chronicus and nodular prurigo
- Skin picking disorder
- Acné excoriée
- Trichotillomania/trichotillosis
- Onychotillomania and onychophagia
- Health anxieties
- EATING DISORDERS
- PSYCHOGENIC ITCH
- FACTITIOUS SKIN DISEASE
- Introduction and general description
- Factitious skin disorder: dermatitis artefacta
- Factitious skin disorder: dermatitis simulata
- Factitious skin disorder: dermatological pathomimicry
- Factitious skin disorder: dermatitis passivata
- Malingering
- Münchausen syndrome and pseudologia fantastica
- Fabricated and induced illness
- Medicolegal issues in suspected factitious skin diseases
- Introduction and general description
- DELIBERATE SELF‐HARM
- OTHER PSYCHODERMATOLOGY AND PSYCHOCUTANEOUS DISEASES
- Cutaneous disease and alcohol misuse
- Depression in dermatological patients
- Suicide in dermatological patients
- Assessment of risk
- Isotretinoin and mood changes
- Psychiatric therapies in dermatology
- Drug therapies (medications)
- Psychological therapies
- Alternative therapies
- References
Part 8 Skin Disorders Associated with Specific Cutaneous Structures
- 87Acquired Disorders of Epidermal Keratinization
- Overview
- Ichthyosis, acquired
- Acanthosis nigricans
- Confluent and reticulated papillomatosis
- Pityriasis rotunda
- Keratosis pilaris
- Lichen spinulosus
- Keratosis circumscripta
- Phrynoderma
- Trichodysplasia spinulosa
- Flegel disease
- Keratoses, multiple minute digitate
- Porokeratoses
- Transient acantholytic dermatosis
- Keratolysis exfoliativa
- Xerosis cutis and asteatosis
- Oedema blisters, acute, and acute epidermal distension
- References
- 88Acquired Pigmentary Disorders
- Overview
- SKIN PIGMENTATION AND THE MELANOCYTE
- The colour of the skin
- The melanocyte
- Biochemistry of melanogenesis
- Regulation of human pigmentation by UV light and by endocrine, paracrine and autocrine factors
- Biological significance of melanin
- Classification of disorders of melanin pigmentation
- Constitutive pigmentation, human pigmentation and the response to sun exposure
- ACQUIRED HYPERMELANOSIS
- Hypermelanosis, physiological (tanning in response to UV radiation)
- Facial melanoses
- Ephelides
- Lentiginosis
- Hypermelanosis due to endocrine disorders
-
Hypermelanosis in other systemic disorders
- Neoplastic diseases
- Hyperpigmentation in rheumatic diseases
- Systemic sclerosis and morphoea
- Dermatomyositis and lupus erythematosus
- Neurological disorders
- Multiple organ failure, renal failure and primary biliary cirrhosis
- Haemochromatosis
- Cutaneous amyloidosis
- Nutritional deficiencies
- POEMS syndrome
-
Hypermelanosis of drug origin
- Drug‐induced hyperpigmentation
- Fixed drug eruption
- Pigmentation resulting from acute photodynamic and phototoxic reactions
- Post‐inflammatory hypermelanosis
- Ashy dermatosis and erythema dyschromicum perstans
- Treatment of hypermelanosis
- ACQUIRED HYPOMELANOSIS
- Vitiligo
- Halo naevus
- Hypomelanosis, acquired syndromic
- NON‐MELANIN PIGMENTATION
- Pigmentation, endogenous non–melanin
- Pigmentation, exogenous
- References
- 89Acquired Disorders of Hair
- Overview
- HAIR BIOLOGY
- APPROACH TO THE PATIENT WITH HAIR LOSS
- NON‐SCARRING DISORDERS OF HAIR GROWTH
- Alopecia, androgenetic, and pattern hair loss
- Telogen effluvium
- Acute telogen effluvium
- Chronic telogen effluvium
- Primary chronic telogen effluvium
- SCARRING DISORDERS OF HAIR GROWTH
- Alopecia, acquired cicatricial
- Alopecia, non–specific cicatricial
- Alopecia, follicular lichen planus
- Alopecia, cicatricial: chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus
- Pseudopelade of Brocq
- Alopecia, central centrifugal cicatricial
- Folliculitis decalvans and tufted folliculitis
- Artefactual alopecia
- Trichotillomania
- Infections
- OTHER DISORDERS OF HAIR GROWTH
- ABNORMALITIES OF THE HAIR SHAFT
- STRUCTURAL DEFECTS WITH INCREASED FRAGILITY
- STRUCTURAL DEFECTS WITHOUT INCREASED FRAGILITY
- EXCESSIVE GROWTH OF HAIR
- Hypertrichosis
- Hirsutism
- HAIR PIGMENTATION
- Biology of hair pigmentation
- Variation in human hair colour
- Greying of hair (canities)
- Hereditary pigmentary defects
- Acquired pigmentary defects
- Colour changes induced by drugs and other chemicals
- Colour changes induced by nutritional deficiencies
- Hair colour in metabolic disorders
- Accidental hair discoloration
- Hair colour resulting from physical phenomena
- HAIR COSMETICS
- References
- 90Acne
- Overview
-
Acne vulgaris
- Definition and nomenclature
- Introduction and general description
- Epidemiology
- Associated diseases
- Polycystic ovary syndrome
- Late‐onset congenital adrenal hyperplasia
- Hypercortisolism
- Cushing disease
- Acromegaly
- Synovitis acne pustulosis hyperostosis osteitis syndrome (SAPHO)
- HAIR‐AN syndrome
- SAHA (seborrhoea, acne, hirsutism and androgenetic alopecia)
- PAPA syndrome (pyogenic sterile arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum and acne)
- Apert syndrome
- Drug‐induced acne
- Predisposing factors
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Differential diagnosis
- Milia
- Syringomas
- Fibrofolliculomas
- Ectopic sebaceous glands (synonym: Fordyce spots)
- Pilosebaceous naevoid disorders
- Favre–Racouchot syndrome (synonymous with senile comedones and solar comedones)
- Sebaceous gland hyperplasia, adenoma and carcinoma
- Adenoma sebaceum (synonym: angiofibromas)
- Sebaceous gland tumours
- Sebaceous adenoma
- Sebaceous carcinoma
- Sebaceous (epidermoid) cysts and steatocystoma multiplex
- Granulomatous rosacea (synonym: lupus miliaris disseminatus faciei, acne agminata)
- Keratosis pilaris
- Rosacea
- Pyoderma faciale
- Perioral dermatitis
- Folliculitis
- Malassezia folliculitis (synonym: pityrosporum folliculitis)
- Scalp folliculitis (synonym: acne necrotica miliaris, proprionibacteria folliculitis)
- Folliculitis keloidalis (synonym: acne cheloidalis nuchae, acne keloidalis)
- Folliculitis decalvans (synonym: tufted folliculitis)
- Dissecting cellulitis of the scalp (synonym: perifolliculitis capitis abscedens et suffodiens)
- Hidradenitis suppurativa
- Miscellaneous causes of papular facial rashes
- Mimics of acne scarring
- Assessment
- Complications and co‐morbidities
- Disease course and prognosis
- Management
- General principles of acne management
- First line therapy for mild, moderate and severe disease
- Comedonal acne
- Mild to moderate papulopustular acne
- Topical therapy
- General side effects of topical treatments
- Interactions of antibiotics with oral contraceptives
- General side effects of oral antibiotics
- Hormonal therapy in papulopustular acne
- Oestrogens and progestins
- Androgen receptor blockers
- Spironolactone in acne management
- Comparative effectiveness of hormonal treatment with other approaches
- Oral isotretinoin in papulopustular acne
- Oral zinc in papulopustular acne
- Severe acne
- Other therapies for acne
- Resources
- Acne fulminans
- Acne conglobata
- Occupational acne
- Prepubertal acne
- References
- 91Rosacea
- Overview
-
Rosacea
- Definition and nomenclature
- Classification and grading of severity
- Introduction and general description
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Management
- FACIAL DERMATOSES WITH AN UNCERTAIN NOSOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIP TO ROSACEA
- References
- 92Hidradenitis Suppurativa
- Overview
- Definition and nomenclature
- Introduction and general description
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Management
- References
- 93Other Acquired Disorders of the Pilosebaceous Unit
- Overview
- Pseudofolliculitis
- Folliculitis keloidalis
- Folliculitis, necrotizing lymphocytic, of the scalp margin
- Folliculitis, scalp
- Folliculitis, actinic
- Folliculitis: disseminate and recurrent infundibulofolliculitis
- Folliculitis, eosinophilic pustular
- Folliculitis, infantile eosinophilic pustular
- Sebaceous glands, heterotopic (Fordyce spots)
- Sebaceous gland hyperplasia
- References
- 94Disorders of the Sweat Glands
- Overview
- Introduction
- ECCRINE GLANDS
- DISORDERS OF ECCRINE SWEAT GLANDS
- Hyperhidrosis
- Management of hyperhidrosis
- Topical drug treatment
- Systemic drug treatment
- Surgical treatment
- APOCRINE GLANDS
- DISORDERS OF APOCRINE SWEAT GLANDS
- References
- 95Acquired Disorders of the Nails and Nail Unit
- Overview
- ANATOMY AND BIOLOGY OF THE NAIL UNIT
- NAIL SIGNS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE
- Nails: abnormalities of shape
- Nails: abnormalities of nail attachment
- Nails: changes in nail surface
- Beading and ridging
- Changes in nail colour
- TRAUMATIC NAIL DISORDERS
- TUMOURS UNDER OR ADJACENT TO THE NAIL
- Nail tumours: benign
- Nail tumours: malignant
- PERIONYCHIAL DISORDERS
- DERMATOSES AFFECTING THE NAILS
- NAILS IN CHILDHOOD AND OLD AGE
- IMAGING OF THE NAIL
- X‐ray examination
- Ultrasound imaging
- Optical coherence tomography
- Confocal microscopy
- Magnetic resonance imaging
- Proximal nail fold capillaroscopy
- NAIL SURGERY
- THE NAIL AND COSMETICS
- References
- 96Acquired Disorders of Dermal Connective Tissue
- Overview
- CHANGES IN DERMAL CONNECTIVE TISSUE DUE TO AGEING AND PHOTODAMAGE
- Introduction and general description
- OTHER CAUSES OF CUTANEOUS ATROPHY
- Introduction and general description
- Corticosteroids: atrophy
- Striae
- Poikiloderma, acquired
- Atrophic scars
- Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans
- Atrophodermas
- Atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini
- Paroxysmal haematoma of the finger
- Panatrophy
- Introduction and general description
- DISORDERS OF ELASTIC FIBRE DEGRADATION
- Introduction and general description
- Tensile strength
- Lax skin
- Cutis laxa, acquired
- Anetoderma
- Elastolysis, mid‐dermal
- Elastolysis, upper dermal
- Blepharochalasis
- Actinic granuloma and annular elastolytic giant cell granuloma
- Granuloma multiforme
- Other elastolytic conditions
- Pseudoxanthoma, acquired, elasticum‐like syndromes
- Acrokeratoelastoidosis
- Tensile strength
- Introduction and general description
- ACQUIRED DISORDERS OF ELASTIC TISSUE DEPOSITION
- FIBROMATOSES AND OTHER CAUSES OF DIFFUSE FIBROSIS
- Introduction and general description
- Fibromatoses
- Fibromatosis, palmar fascial
- Fibromatosis, plantar fascial
- Fibromatosis, penile
- Knuckle pads
- Pachydermodactyly
- White fibrous papulosis of the neck
- Camptodactyly
- Juvenile fibromatoses
- Myofibromatosis, infantile
- Fibromatosis, juvenile hyaline
- Other benign fibrous cutaneous nodules
- Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis
- Diabetic thick skin
- Scleroderma, environmental and drug‐induced
- Constricting bands of the extremities
- Fibromatoses
- Introduction and general description
- ABNORMAL FIBROTIC RESPONSES TO SKIN INJURY
- PERFORATING DERMATOSES
- Definition
- Introduction and general description
- Perforating dermatosis, acquired
- Elastosis perforans serpiginosa
- References
- 97Granulomatous Disorders of the Skin
- Overview
- Granuloma annulare
- Necrobiosis lipoidica
- Crohn disease, cutaneous
- References
- 98Sarcoidosis
- Overview
- Sarcoidosis
- SPECIFIC FORMS OF CUTANEOUS SARCOIDOSIS
- SPECIAL LOCATIONS OF SPECIFIC CUTANEOUS LESIONS
- NON‐SPECIFIC LESIONS
- CUTANEOUS SARCOID REACTION
- References
- 99Panniculitis
- Overview
- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF SUBCUTANEOUS FAT
- PANNICULITIS
- Introduction and general description
- Types of necrosis of the adipocytes
- Panniculitis: superficial migratory thrombophlebitis
- Panniculitis: cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa
- Panniculitis: necrobiosis lipoidica
- Panniculitis: deep morphoea
- Panniculitis: subcutaneous granuloma annulare
- Panniculitis: rheumatoid nodule
- Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma
- Erythema nodosum
- Erythema nodosum leprosum
- Erythema induratum of Bazin
- Sclerosing panniculitis
- Calcific uraemic arteriolopathy (calciphylaxis)
- Cold panniculitis
- Lupus panniculitis
- Panniculitis, dermatomyositis‐associated
- Pancreatic panniculitis
- Alpha‐1 antitrypsin deficiency panniculitis
- Panniculitis, infective
- Factitious panniculitis
- Panniculitis, neutrophilic lobular
- Panniculitis: subcutaneous sarcoidosis
- Panniculitis, traumatic
- Lipoatrophic panniculitis of the ankles in childhood
- Subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn
- Panniculitis, poststeroid
- Sclerema neonatorum
- Gouty panniculitis
- Zygomycosis, panniculitis due to
- Cytophagic histiocytic panniculitis and subcutaneous panniculitis‐like T‐cell lymphoma
- Panniculitis, sclerosing postirradiation
- References
- 100Other Acquired Disorders of Subcutaneous Fat
- Overview
- Introduction
- ACQUIRED LIPODYSTROPHY
- Lipodystrophy, acquired generalized
- Lipodystrophy, acquired partial
- Lipodystrophy, HIV‐associated
-
Lipoatrophy and/or lipodystrophy, localized
- Semicircular lipoatrophy
- Localized lipoatrophy due to injected drugs
- Insulin‐induced localized lipoatrophy
- Localized lipoatrophy due to injected corticosteroid
- Localized lipodystrophy secondary to panniculitis
- Centrifugal lipodystrophy
- FAT HYPERTROPHY
- SUBCUTANEOUS LIPOMATOSIS
- Lipomatosis, benign symmetrical
- Dercum disease
- Lipomatosis, infiltrating, of the face
- Lipomatosis, encephalocraniocutaneous
- LIPOEDEMA
- MISCELLANEOUS DISORDERS OF SUBCUTANEOUS FAT
- Cellulite
-
Obesity and the skin
- Physiological consequences of obesity on the skin.
- Mechanical problems contributing to skin disease in the obese.
- Peripheral vascular and lymphovascular disorders in the obese.
- Cutaneous infections and obesity.
- Cutaneous consequences of immunological and endocrine dysregulation in the obese.
- Genetic disorders associated with obesity.
- Other skin disorders in the obese.
- References
Part 9 Vascular Disorders Involving the Skin
- 101Purpura
- Overview
- Introduction
- Classification of purpura
- PURPURA DUE TO THROMBOCYTOPENIA OR PLATELET DEFECTS
- NON‐THROMBOCYTOPENIC VASCULAR CAUSES OF PURPURA AND SYNDROMES OF PRIMARY ECCHYMOTIC HAEMORRHAGE
- PIGMENTED PURPURIC DERMATOSES
- DISORDERS OF CUTANEOUS MICROVASCULAR OCCLUSION
- Heparin necrosis
- Thrombocytosis, purpura due to
- Cryogelling/cryoagglutination, purpura due to
- ORGANISMS IN VESSELS
- EMBOLI
- VASCULAR COAGULOPATHIES
- References
- 102Cutaneous Vasculitis
- Overview
- Definition
- Introduction and general description
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Management
- SINGLE‐ORGAN SMALL‐VESSEL VASCULITIS
- Vasculitis, cutaneous small‐vessel
- Erythema elevatum diutinum
- Vasculitis, recurrent cutaneous necrotizing eosinophilic
- Granuloma faciale
- SMALL‐VESSEL IMMUNE COMPLEX‐ASSOCIATED VASCULITIS
- Vasculitis, IgA
- Vasculitis, cryoglobulinaemic
- Vasculitis, hypocomplementaemic urticarial
- Vasculitis, antiglomerular basement membrane‐associated
- SMALL‐VESSEL ANCA‐ASSOCIATED VASCULITIS
- Polyangiitis, microscopic
- Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener)
- Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg‐Strauss)
- MEDIUM‐VESSEL VASCULITIS
- Polyarteritis nodosa and cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa
- Kawasaki disease
- LARGE‐VESSEL VASCULITIS
- References
- 103Dermatoses Resulting from Disorders of the Veins and Arteries
- Overview
- ARTERIAL AND ARTERIOLAR DISORDERS
- NEUROVASCULAR DISORDERS
- TELANGIECTASES
- Definition and nomenclature
- Introduction and general description
- Pathophysiology
- Telangiectasis, spider
- Angioma, cherry
- Angiokeratoma
- Angiokeratoma circumscriptum
- Venous lake
- Primary telangiectasia
- Telangiectasia, generalized essential
- Telangiectasia, hereditary benign
- Telangiectasia, unilateral naevoid
- MALFORMATIONS
-
VENOUS DISORDERS
- Anatomy
- Physiology: the venous macrocirculation
- Venous thrombosis
- Veins, varicose
- Venous insufficiency, chronic peripheral
- References
- 104Ulceration Resulting from Disorders of the Veins and Arteries
- Overview
- Introduction
- Leg ulcer, venous
- Leg ulcer, mixed arterial and venous
- Leg ulcer, arterial
- Leg ulcer, hypertensive ischaemic (Martorell)
- References
- 105Disorders of the Lymphatic Vessels
- Overview
- Introduction
- CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS OF LYMPHATIC DYSFUNCTION
- Oedema, chronic venous and drug‐induced
- Leg oedema – the chronically swollen leg
- Phleboedema and mixed lymphovenous disease
- Lipodermatosclerosis (chronic cellulitis)
- Cellulitis and erysipelas, recurrent
- Swollen arm
- Swollen face, head and neck
- Swollen genitalia and mons pubis
- Lymphoedema, obesity‐related
- Lymphoedema, abdominal wall
- Lymphoedema, cancer‐related
- Lymphoedema, breast
- Lymphoedema, massive localized
-
Lymphoedema, primary
- Definition and nomenclature
- Introduction and general description
- Epidemiology
- Clinical features
- Presentation
- Clinical variants
- Differential diagnosis
- Classification of severity
- Complications and co‐morbidities
- Management
- Resources
- Lipoedema
- Yellow nail syndrome
- Lymphatic malformation and lymphangioma circumscriptum
- Lymphoedema as a result of amniotic band constriction
- Lymphangiomatosis, lymphangioleiomyomatosis and non‐malignant lymphatic tumours
- Lymphangiectasia
- Lymphocele, seroma and lymph fistula
- Lymphatic filariasis
- Podoconiosis
- Myxoedema, pretibial
- Lymphoedema, trauma‐induced
- Lymphoedema due to immobility
- Lymphangitis
- COMPLICATIONS OF LYMPHOEDEMA
- IMAGING OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
- LYMPHOEDEMA MANAGEMENT
- References
- 106Flushing and Blushing
Part 10 Skin Disorders Associated with Specific Sites, Sex and Age
- 107Dermatoses of the Scalp
- Overview
- SCALING DISORDERS OF THE SCALP
- SECONDARY CICATRICIAL ALOPECIA
- THICKENED SCALP DISORDERS
- TUMOURS OF THE SCALP
- INFECTIONS OF THE SCALP
- PUSTULAR CONDITIONS OF THE SCALP
- OTHER SCALP DISORDERS
- References
- 108Dermatoses of the External Ear
- Overview
- Introduction
- Examination
- Developmental defects
- Ageing changes
- Traumatic conditions
- Contusion and haematoma
- Ear piercing
- Complications
- Measures to prevent complications
- Chondrodermatitis nodularis
- Pseudocyst of the ear
- Ear: manifestations of skin and systemic diseases
- Ear: infections
- Otitis externa
- Otitis externa, necrotizing
- Otomycosis
- Ear: tumours
- Squamous cell carcinoma of the auricle (pinna)
- Squamous cell carcinoma of the external auditory canal
- Miscellaneous conditions
- References
- 109Dermatoses of the Eye, Eyelids and Eyebrows
- Overview
- Introduction
- Anatomy and physiology of the eye
- Glossary of ophthalmological terms
- Disorders affecting the eyebrows and eyelashes
- Abnormalities of the eyelids
- SKIN DISEASES AFFECTING THE EYE AND EYELIDS
- Blepharitis associated with meibomian gland dysfunction, rosacea and seborrhoeic dermatitis
- Atopic eye disease
-
Mucous membrane pemphigoid and other immunobullous disorders, cicatrizing conjunctivitis associated with
- Definition and nomenclature
- Introduction and general description
- Mucous membrane pemphigoid
- Introduction and general description
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Management
- Other subepithelial disorders and conjunctivitis
- Ocular manifestations of systemic diseases with skin involvement
- INFECTIONS
- OTHER DISORDERS
- References
- 110Dermatoses of the Oral Cavity and Lips
- Overview
- Introduction
- BIOLOGY OF THE MOUTH
- EXAMINATION OF THE MOUTH AND PERIORAL REGION
- Lymph nodes
- Temporomandibular joints and muscles of mastication
- Inspection
- Palpation
- Masseters: by intraoral/extraoral compression between finger and thumb
- Temporalis: by direct palpation of the temporal region
- Lateral pterygoid (lower head): by placing a little finger up behind the maxillary tuberosity (the ‘pterygoid sign’)
- Medial pterygoid muscle: intraorally lingually to the mandibular ramus
- Jaws
- Salivary glands
- Intraoral examination
- Anatomical variants
- DISORDERS AFFECTING THE ORAL MUCOSA OR LIPS
- GENETIC DISORDERS AFFECTING THE ORAL MUCOSA OR LIPS
- LUMPS AND SWELLINGS
- PIGMENTED LESIONS
- RED LESIONS
- VESICULOEROSIVE DISORDERS
- WHITE OR WHITISH LESIONS
- Candidosis, chronic mucocutaneous: oral manifestations
- Clouston syndrome: oral manifestations
- Darier disease: oral manifestations
- Dyskeratosis congenita: oral manifestations
- Focal palmoplantar and oral hyperkeratosis syndrome
- Fordyce spots, oral
- Dyskeratosis, hereditary benign intraepithelial
- Keratitis, ichthyosis and deafness(KID) syndrome: oral manifestations
- Leukoedema
- Sebaceous naevus (Jadassohn) involving the mouth and lips
- Olmsted syndrome: oral manifestations
- Pachyonychia congenita: oral manifestations
- Sebaceous adenoma, oral
- Tylosis: oral manifestations
- Dyskeratoma, oral warty (focal acantholytic dyskeratoma)
- White sponge naevus
- OTHER CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
- VARIOUS OROCUTANEOUS SYNDROMES
- Cleft lip/palate
- Syndromic cleft palate
- Cowden syndrome: oral manifestations
- De Lange syndrome: oral manifestations
- Double lip
- Down syndrome: oral manifestations
- Erythropoietic protoporphyria: oral manifestations
- Mucinosis, oral focal
- Gardner syndrome: oral manifestations
- Gorlin syndrome: oral manifestations
- Jacob disease
- Kindler syndrome: oral manifestations
- Lip pits and sinuses
- Noonan syndrome: oral manifestations
- Tuberous sclerosis: oral manifestations
- Van der Woude syndrome: oral manifestations
- Neurofibromatosis: oral manifestations
- Xeroderma pigmentosum: oral manifestations
- ACQUIRED DISORDERS OF THE ORAL MUCOSA OR LIPS
- Blisters, erosions and ulcers
- Mouth ulcers
- Behçet syndrome: mouth ulcers
- Sweet syndrome: mouth ulcers
- Malignant neoplasms
- Verrucous carcinoma of oral mucosa
- Ulcers in association with systemic disease
- Oral ulceration: in association with haematological disease
- Oral ulceration: in association with gastrointestinal disease
-
Oral ulceration: in association with skin disease
- Chronic ulcerative stomatitis with epithelial antinuclear antibodies
- Chronic bullous dermatosis of childhood
- Dermatitis herpetiformis and adult linear IgA disease
- Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita
- Erythema multiforme
- Lichen planus
- Pemphigus
- Stevens–Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis
- Oral ulceration: in association with autoimmune connective tissue (collagen‐vascular) disease
- Oral ulceration: in association with infective disease
- Oral ulceration: in association with bacterial infections
- Resources
- Oral ulceration: in association with fungal infections
- Oral ulceration: in association with protozoal infestations
- Oral ulceration: in association with immune defects
- Resources
- Oral ulceration: in association with vasculitis
- Iatrogenic conditions
- Mouth ulcers, drug‐induced
- Miscellaneous causes
- LOSS OF ELASTICITY OF ORAL TISSUES
- LUMPS AND SWELLINGS
- Abscesses involving the mouth
- Amyloidosis: oral manifestations
- Angio‐oedema: orofacial manifestations
- Buccal fat‐pad herniation
- Denture‐induced hyperplasia
- Focal epithelial hyperplasia (Heck disease)
- Foliate papillitis
- Franklin (heavy chain) disease: oral manifestations
- Leiomyoma, oral
- Lipoma, oral
- Macroglossia
- Mucocoele (oral mucous cyst)
- Myeloma and paraproteinaemias: oral manifestations
- Myxoma, oral
- Nodular fasciitis, oral
- Oral allergy syndrome
- Osteoma mucosae
- Oral papillary hyperplasia
- Oral papilloma
- Pulse granuloma, oral
- Rhabdomyoma, oral
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, oral
- Sarcoidosis: oral manifestations
- Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: oral manifestations
- Xanthoma, verruciform: oral
- Macroglobulinaemia (Waldenström): oral manifestations
- Oral warts
- ORAL SORENESS WITHOUT ULCERATION
- PIGMENTED LESIONS
- Amalgam tattoos
- Body art
- Tongue: coated, furred, brown, black hairy
- Oral pigmentation due to drugs, foods, habits and heavy metals
- HIV infection: oral manifestations
- Kaposi sarcoma involving the mouth
- Melanoma, oral
- Melanocanthoma, oral
- Melanotic macule, oral mucosal
- Pigmentary incontinence, oral mucosal
- Purpura involving the mouth
- RED LESIONS
- Angina bullosa haemorrhagica
- Candidosis
- Gingivitis, desquamative
- Erythroplasia of oral mucosa
- Glossitis
- Larva migrans of oral mucosa
- Tongue: strawberry
- Telangiectasia, oral
- Varicosities, lingual
- Vascular proliferative lesions, oral
- Venous lake
- WHITE LESIONS
- ACQUIRED LIP LESIONS
- Cheilitis, actinic (solar cheilosis)
- Cheilitis, actinic prurigo‐associated
- Cheilitis, angular
- Blistering of lips
- Cancer of the lip
- Chapping of lips
- Cheilitis
- Other lesions of the lip
- SYSTEMIC DISEASES: ORAL MANIFESTATONS
- References
- 111Dermatoses of the Male Genitalia
- Overview
- Introduction
- History and examination
- Investigations
- Structure and function of the male genitalia
- Normal variants
- The foreskin
- Circumcision
- Congenital and developmental abnormalities
- TRAUMA AND ARTEFACT
- INFLAMMATORY DERMATOSES
- MISCELLANEOUS INFLAMMATORY DERMATOSES
- NON‐SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS
- Staphylococcal cellulitis involving male genitalia
- Streptococcal dermatitis/perianal cellulitis
- Penis: chronic penile oedema
- Ecthyma gangrenosum of male genitalia
- Fournier gangrene
- Trichomycosis pubis
- Tuberculosis of male genitalia
- Balanoposthitis, non‐syphilitic spirochaetal ulcerative
- Yaws of male genitalia
- Candidosis of male genitalia
- Dermatophytosis (tinea) of male genitalia
- Deep mycoses (fungal infections) involving male genitalia
- Other non‐sexually transmitted infections
- DERMATOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE
- BENIGN TUMOURS
- PRE‐CANCEROUS DERMATOSES AND CARCINOMA IN SITU
- SQUAMOUS CARCINOMA AND OTHER MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS
- MISCELLANEOUS CUTANEOUS MALE GENITAL CONDITIONS
- References
- 112Dermatoses of the Female Genitalia
- Overview
- Introduction
- Structure and function of the female genitalia
- CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES
- GENODERMATOSES
- INFLAMMATORY DERMATOSES OF THE VULVA
- Lichen sclerosus of vulva
- Lichen planus of vulva
- Zoon vulvitis
- Seborrhoeic dermatitis (eczema) of vulva
- Irritant dermatitis (eczema) of vulva
- Allergic contact dermatitis of vulva
- Allergic contact urticaria of vuvlva
- Lichen simplex of vulva
- Psoriasis of vulva
- Reactive arthritis involving the vulva
- ULCERATIVE AND BULLOUS DISORDERS
- PIGMENTARY DISORDERS
- VULVAL OEDEMA
- NON‐SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS
- DIAGNOSIS OF VAGINAL DISCHARGE
- BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
- FUNGAL INFECTIONS
- VIRAL INFECTIONS
- BENIGN TUMOURS
- PRE‐MALIGNANT CONDITIONS
- MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS
- PAIN DISORDERS
- TRAUMATIC LESIONS
- MISCELLANEOUS
- References
- 113Dermatoses of Perineal and Perianal Skin
- Overview
- Introduction
- PERIANAL ITCHING
- PERIANAL INFLAMMATORY DERMATOSES
- PERIANAL REACTIONS TO DRUGS AND MEDICATION
- INFECTIONS
- BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
- OTHER BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
- Anal and perianal fungal infections
- Anal and perianal viral infections
- Anal and perianal helminth infestations
- MISCELLANEOUS INFECTIONS
- OTHER DISEASES AND INFECTIONS
- Sexually transmitted diseases: anal and perianal manifestations
- Human immunodeficiency virus infection: anal and perianal manifestations
- Human papillomavirus infection of anus and perianal skin (anogenital warts)
- Anal intraepithelial neoplasia
- Anal and perianal malignancy
- Miscellaneous malignancies
- Hidradenitis suppurativa of anus and perianal skin
- Pilonidal sinus
- Crohn disease of anus and perianal skin
- Anal abscess
- Anal fistula
- Anal fissure
- Haemorrhoids
- Anal trauma and artefact
- Perineal and perianal pain
- References
- 114Cutaneous Complications of Stomas and Fistulae
- 115Dermatoses of Pregnancy
- 116Dermatoses of the Neonate
- Overview
- INTRODUCTION
- SKIN DISORDERS IN THE NEONATE
- Toxic erythema of the newborn
- Miliaria in the neonate
- Transient pustular melanosis
- Acropustulosis, infantile
- Neonatal pustulosis associated with transient myeloproliferative disorder
- Congenital erosive and vesicular dermatosis healing with reticulated supple scarring (CEVD)
- COMPLICATIONS OF PREMATURITY
- COMPLICATIONS OF MEDICAL PROCEDURES ON THE FETUS AND NEONATE
- ATROPHIC LESIONS OF NEONATES
- DISORDERS CAUSED BY TRANSPLACENTAL TRANSFER/MATERNAL MILK
- Transplacental transfer of maternal autoantibodies
- Transplacental transfer of maternal malignant disease
- Transfer of toxic substances in maternal milk
- DISORDERS OF SUBCUTANEOUS FAT
- MISCELLANEOUS DISORDERS
- INFECTIONS
- Viral infections
- Bacterial infections
- Impetigo, bullous in the neonate
- Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in the neonate
- Periporitis staphylogenes and sweat gland abscesses, neonatal
- Mastitis and breast abscesses, neonatal
- Staphylococcal cold abscesses of the large folds, neonatal
- Omphalitis
- Preorbital and orbital cellulitis, neonatal
- Necrotizing fasciitis, neonatal
- Listeriosis, neonatal
- Ecthyma gangrenosum, neonatal
- Noma neonatorum (cancrum oris/oro‐facial gangrene)
- Neonatal infection‐associated purpura fulminans
- Syphilis, congenital
- Tuberculosis, congenital
- Fungal infections
- References
- 117Dermatoses and Haemangiomas of Infancy
- Overview
- Introduction
- INFANTILE DERMATOSES
- INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS
- INFECTIVE CONDITIONS
- REACTIVE CONDITIONS
- DEVELOPMENTAL/GENETIC CONDITIONS
- MISCELLANEOUS CONDITIONS
- Milia in infancy
- Koilonychia in infancy
- Non‐accidental injury in infancy and childhood
- Bite injuries in infancy and childhood
- Pedal papules of infancy
- Calcified cutaneous nodules of the heels
- Hair loss in infancy
- Xanthogranuloma, juvenile
- Langerhans cell histiocytosis in infancy and childhood
- Mastocytosis in infancy and childhood
- INFANTILE AND CONGENITAL HAEMANGIOMAS
- References
Part 11 Skin Disorders Caused by External Agents
- 118Benign Cutaneous Adverse Reactions to Drugs
- Overview
- Drug‐induced exanthem
- Drug‐induced pruritus
- Drug‐induced eczema
- Drug‐related intertriginous and flexural exanthem, symmetrical
- Urticaria, angio‐oedema and anaphylaxis, drug‐induced
- Drug‐induced serum sickness‐like reaction
- Drug eruption, lichenoid
- Drug eruption, fixed
- Pityriasis rosea, drug‐induced
- Erythema nodosum, drug‐induced
- Drug‐induced acneform eruptions
- References
- 119Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions to Drugs
- Overview
- Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP)
- Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS)
- Drug‐induced generalized exfoliative dermatitis
-
Stevens‐Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN)
- Definition and nomenclature
- Introduction and general description
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Presentation
- Investigations
- Management
- Resources
- References
- 120Cutaneous Side Effects of Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy
- Overview
- Chemotherapy‐induced toxic erythema
- Chemotherapy‐induced papulopustular eruptions
- Chemotherapy‐induced mucositis
- Chemotherapy‐induced hair changes
- Chemotherapy‐induced nail changes
- Chemotherapy‐induced dyspigmentation
- Chemotherapy‐induced photosensitivity
- Radiotherapy‐associated recall reaction
- Radiotherapy‐associated skin side effects
- References
- 121Dermatoses Induced by Illicit Drugs
- 122Dermatological Manifestations of Metal Poisoning
- Overview
- Introduction
- Antimony, cutaneous adverse effects of
- Arsenic, cutaneous adverse effects of
- Gold, cutaneous adverse effects of
- Lead, cutaneous adverse effects of
- Mercury, cutaneous adverse effects of
- Selenium, cutaneous adverse effects of
- Silver, cutaneous adverse effects of
- Thallium, cutaneous adverse effects of
- Reactions to other metals
- References
- 123Mechanical Injury to the Skin
- Overview
- OVERVIEW OF SKIN INJURY
- BIOMECHANICAL CONSIDERATIONS
- EFFECTS OF FRICTION
- OTHER REACTIONS TO MECHANICAL INJURY
- REACTIONS TO FOREIGN BODIES
- Foreign body reaction
- SPECIFIC FOREIGN‐BODY REACTIONS
- OTHER SKIN INJURIES
- References
- 124Pressure Injury and Pressure Ulcers
- 125Cutaneous Reactions to Cold and Heat
- Overview
- PHYSIOLOGICAL REACTIONS TO COLD
- DISEASES CAUSED OR AGGRAVATED BY COLD
- PHYSIOLOGICAL REACTIONS TO HEAT AND INFRARED RADIATION
- DISEASES CAUSED BY HEAT AND INFRARED RADIATION
- References
- 126Burns and Heat Injury
- 127Cutaneous Photosensitivity Diseases
- Overview
- Introduction
- IDIOPATHIC (IMMUNOLOGICAL) PHOTODERMATOSES
- Polymorphic light eruption
- Juvenile springtime eruption
- Actinic prurigo
- Actinic dermatitis, chronic
- Solar urticaria
- Hydroa vacciniforme
- DRUG‐ AND CHEMICAL‐INDUCED PHOTOSENSITIVITY
- PHOTOAGGRAVATED DERMATOSES
- CLINICAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF A PATIENT WITH SUSPECTED PHOTOSENSITIVITY
- References
- 128Allergic contact dermatitis
- Overview
- Allergic Contact Dermatitis
- Definition and nomenclature
- Introduction and general description
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- History
- Presentation
- Specific allergens
- Metals
- Fragrances, balsams, flavouring agents and spices
- Applied medicaments
- Cosmetics
- Antimicrobial agents and preservatives
- Other biocides
- Isothiazolinones
- Methylchloroisothiazolinone and methylisothiazolinone
- Methylisothiazolinone
- 1,2‐Benzisothiazolin‐3‐one
- 2‐n‐octyl‐4‐isothiazolin‐3‐one
- Vehicles and other cosmetic and medicament excipients
- p‐Phenylenediamine and related dyes
- Ultraviolet filters
- Rubber
- Clothing
- Shoes
- Resins and plastics
- Plants
- Woods, colophony, turpentine and propolis
- Clinical variants
- Differential diagnosis
- Complications and co‐morbidities
- Disease course and prognosis
- Investigations
- Patch testing
- Concentrations and vehicles for patch testing
- Patch and photopatch tests, complications of
- Multiple patch test reactions
- Other tests
- Management
- General principles
- Prevention
- Allergen containment and replacement
- Legal and other regulatory measures
- Corporate responsibility
- Work
- Domestic
- Education
- Resources
- Contact dermatitis, photoallergic
- Urticaria, allergic contact
- References
- 129Irritant Contact Dermatitis
- Overview
- Irritant contact dermatitis
- Definition and nomenclature
- Introduction and general description
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Mechanism of action of irritants
- Clinical features
- Cosmetics, irritant contact dermatitis due to
- Volatile/airborne irritants, contact dermatitis due to
- Cheilitis, irritant contact
- Napkin (diaper), peristomal and perianal dermatitis
- Urticaria, non‐immune contact
- Contact dermatitis, phototoxic
- Subjective sensory irritation
- Burns, chemical
- References
- 130Occupational Dermatology
- Overview
- Contact dermatitis, occupational irritant
-
Contact dermatitis, occupational allergic
- Definition and nomenclature
- Introduction and general description
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- Investigations
- Management
- Agriculture
- Artists
- Automobile, aerospace industries and aircrew
- Baking and pastry making
- Bartenders
- Bathing attendants
- Bookbinders
- Building trade
- Butchers
- Canning industry
- Carpenters, cabinet makers]
- Chemical and pharmaceutical industry
- Cleaning work
- Coal miners
- Cooks, catering industry
- Dentists and dental technicians
- Dyers
- Electricians
- Electronics industry
- Enamel workers
- Fishing
- Floor layers
- Florists, gardeners, plant growers
- Food industry
- Foundry work
- Glaziers
- Hairdressers and barbers
- Histology technicians
- Hospital workers
- Housework
- Jewellers
- Masons
- Mechanics
- Metal workers
- Office workers
- Painters and handymen
- Performing artists
- Photography
- Plastics industry
- Plating–electroplating (and electroforming)
- Plumbers
- Printers
- Radio and television repair
- Restaurant personnel
- Road workers
- Rubber workers
- Sheet metal workers
- Shoemakers
- Shop assistants
- Tanners
- Textile workers
- Veterinarians
- Welders
- Woodworkers
- Acne, occupational of chemical origin
- Dyspigmentation, occupational
- Occupationally induced skin tumours
- Occupational vibration white finger
- References
- 131Stings and Bites
Part 12 Neoplastic, Proliferative and Infiltrative Disorders Affecting the Skin
- 132Benign Melanocytic Proliferations and Melanocytic Naevi
- Overview
- Freckle (ephelis)
- LENTIGINES
- MUCOSAL MELANOTIC LESIONS
- DERMAL MELANOCYTIC LESIONS
- CONGENITAL MELANOCYTIC NAEVI
- COMMON ACQUIRED NAEVI
- NAEVI IN UNUSUAL SITES
- NAEVI WITH UNUSUAL MORPHOLOGY
- OTHER NAEVI
- Spitz naevus (melanocytic naevus)
- Blue naevus (melanocytic naevus)
- Blue naevus, malignant
- Melanocytic naevus, atypical
- References
- 133Benign Keratinocytic Acanthomas and Proliferations
- Overview
- BENIGN KERATINOCYTIC ACANTHOMAS
- Seborrhoeic keratosis (basal cell papilloma)
- Stucco keratosis
- Inverted follicular keratosis
- Dermatosis papulosa nigra
- Warty dyskeratoma
- Clear cell acanthoma
- Lichenoid keratosis
- OTHER BENIGN PROLIFERATIONS
- References
- 134Cutaneous Cysts
- 135Lymphocytic Infiltrates
- 136Cutaneous Histiocytoses
- Overview
- Introduction
- DISORDERS OF DENDRITIC CELLS
- DISORDERS OF NON‐DENDRITIC CELLS
- NON‐LANGERHANS CELL HISTIOCYTOSES
- DENDRITIC CELL ORIGIN
- Disorders with mainly skin involvement with/without a systemic component
- Disorders in which skin may be involved but systemic component predominates
- NON‐DENDRITIC CELL ORIGIN
- Disorders with mainly skin involvement with/without a systemic component
- Disorders in which skin may be involved but the systemic component predominates
- DENDRITIC CELL ORIGIN
- MALIGNANT HISTIOCYTOSES
- References
- 137Soft‐tissue Tumours and Tumour‐like Conditions
- Overview
- Introduction and general description
- FIBROUS AND MYOFIBROBLASTIC TUMOURS
- Fibrous papule of the face
- Storiform collagenoma
- Pleomorphic fibroma
- Digital fibrokeratoma, acquired
- Fasciitis, nodular
- Fibro‐osseous pseudotumour of the digits
- Fasciitis, ischaemic
- Fibrous hamartoma of infancy
- Calcifying fibrous tumour
- Calcifying aponeurotic fibroma
- Dermatomyofibroma
- Fibroma, plaque‐like CD34‐positive dermal
- Angiomyofibroblastoma
- Angiofibroma, cellular
- Elastofibroma
- Fibromatosis, inclusion body (digital)
- Fibroma of tendon sheath
- Fibroblastoma, desmoplastic
- Fibroma, nuchal type
- Fibromatosis, palmar (Dupuytren) and plantar
- Fibromatosis, penile (Peyronie disease)
- Lipofibromatosis
- Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans
- Giant cell fibroblastoma
- Sarcoma, myxoinflammatory fibroblastic
- Histiocytoma, malignant fibrous
- Myxofibrosarcoma
- Sarcoma, low‐grade fibromyxoid
- FIBROHISTIOCYTIC TUMOURS
- VASCULAR TUMOURS
- REACTIVE VASCULAR LESIONS
- BENIGN VASCULAR TUMOURS
- Tufted angioma
- Haemangioma, papillary
- Haemangioma, lobular capillary (pyogenic granuloma)
- Cirsoid aneurysm
- Haemangioma, epithelioid
- Epithelioid angiomatous nodule, cutaneous
- Haemangioma, acquired elastotic
- Haemangioma, hobnail
- Haemangioma, microvenular
- Haemangioma, sinusoidal
- Haemangioma, spindle cell
- Haemangioma, symplastic
- VASCULAR TUMOURS OF INTERMEDIATE MALIGNANCY
- MALIGNANT VASCULAR TUMOURS
- LYMPHATIC TUMOURS
- TUMOURS OF PERIVASCULAR CELLS
- PERIPHERAL NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOURS
- Neuromuscular hamartoma (Triton tumour)
- Neuromas, multiple mucosal (Sipple syndrome)
- Neuroma, amputation stump
- Morton neuroma
- Neuroma, solitary circumscribed
- Schwannoma (neurilemmoma)
- Neurofibroma, solitary
- Neurofibroma, plexiform
- Neurofibroma, diffuse
- Perineurioma
- Dermal nerve sheath myxoma (neurothekeoma)
- Neurothekeoma, cellular
- Granular cell tumour
- Meningothelial heterotopias, (cutaneous meningioma)
- Glial heterotopic nodules, (nasal glioma)
- Neuroma, epithelial sheath
- Pigmented neuroectodermal tumour of infancy (melanotic progonoma)
- Peripheral nerve sheath tumour, malignant (Neurofibrosarcoma, Malignant schwannoma)
- Peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumour (extraosseus Ewing sarcoma)
- TUMOURS OF MUSCLE
- SKELETAL MUSCLE TUMOURS
- TUMOURS OF FAT CELLS
- TUMOURS OF UNCERTAIN HISTOGENESIS
- Fibromyxoma, acral
- Angiomyxoma, superficial
- Digital mucous cyst
- Granular cell tumour, dermal non‐neural
- Haemosiderotic fibrolipomatous tumour
- Perivascular epithelioid cell tumour (‘PEComa’)
- Angiomyxoma, deep (‘aggressive’)
- Histiocytoma, angiomatoid fibrous
- Sarcoma, epithelioid
- Clear cell sarcoma, (melanoma of soft parts)
- References
- 138Tumours of Skin Appendages
- Overview
- Introduction
- HAIR FOLLICLE TUMOURS
- EXTERNAL ROOT SHEATH TUMOURS
- HAMARTOMAS AND HAIR GERM TUMOURS AND CYSTS
- HAIR MATRIX TUMOURS
- LESIONS OF HAIR FOLLICLE MESENCHYME
- SEBACEOUS GLAND TUMOURS
- APOCRINE GLAND TUMOURS
- ECCRINE GLAND HAMARTOMAS AND TUMOURS
- ECCRINE OR APOCRINE/FOLLICULAR TUMOURS
- SWEAT GLAND CARCINOMAS, INCLUDING DUCTAL APOCRINE/FOLLICULAR CARCINOMAS
- Eccrine gland carcinomas
- Eccrine or apocrine/follicular carcinomas
- MISCELLANEOUS TUMOURS
- References
- 139Kaposi Sarcoma
- 140Cutaneous Lymphomas
- Overview
- Introduction
- PRIMARY CUTANEOUS T‐CELL LYMPHOMAS
- Introduction and general description
- Molecular features of mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome
- Management of mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome
- PRIMARY CUTANEOUS CD30+ LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS
- PRIMARY CUTANEOUS PERIPHERAL T‐CELL LYMPHOMA (UNSPECIFIED)
- Introduction and general description
- PRIMARY CUTANEOUS B‐CELL LYMPHOMAS
- SECONDARY CUTANEOUS B‐CELL LYMPHOMAS
- SECONDARY CUTANEOUS T‐CELL LYMPHOMAS
- OTHER DISORDERS
- References
- 141Basal Cell Carcinoma
- Overview
- Basal cell carcinoma
- Basal cell carcinoma, fibroepithelial (Fibroepithelioma of Pinkus)
- Naevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (Gorlin Syndrome)
- Bazex‐Dupré‐Christol syndrome
- References
- 142Squamous Cell Carcinoma and its Precursors
- Overview
- Introduction
- LESIONS WITH UNCERTAIN OR UNPREDICTABLE MALIGNANT POTENTIAL
- Actinic keratosis (solar keratosis)
- Cutaneous horn
- Arsenical keratosis
- Post‐ionizing radiation keratosis
- Porokeratosis, disseminated superficial actinic
- IN SITU CARCINOMA OF THE SKIN
- SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA, CUTANEOUS
- KERATOACANTHOMAS AND ASSOCIATED SYNDROMES
- Keratoacanthoma
- Multiple self‐healing squamous epithelioma
- Keratoacanthoma, generalised eruptive (Grzybowski)
- Muir‐Torre syndrome
- References
- 143Melanoma
- Overview
- MELANOMA CLINICOPATHOLOGY
- Melanoma
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical features
- General principles of early clinical diagnosis
- Diagnostic tools
- Presentation
- Strategies for early detection
- Investigations
- Management
- MELANOMA SURGERY: BIOPSIES, WIDE RESECTION AND SENTINEL LYMPH NODE SAMPLING
- SYSTEMIC TREATMENT OF MELANOMA
- References
- 144Dermoscopy of Melanoma and Naevi
- 145Merkel cell carcinoma
- 146Skin Cancer in the Immunocompromised Patient
- Overview
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Immunodeficiency: skin cancers
- Management
- Organizations for patients and health care professionals
- Conclusion
- References
Part 13 Systemic Disease and the Skin
- 147Cutaneous Markers of Internal Malignancy
- Overview
- INTRODUCTION
- GENODERMATOSES ASSOCIATED WITH INTERNAL MALIGNANCIES
- Cancer–predisposing syndromes: Howel–Evans syndrome
- Cancer–predisposing syndromes: naevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome
- Cancer–predisposing syndromes: familial melanoma syndrome
- Cancer–predisposing syndromes: melanoma‐astrocytoma syndrome
- Cancer–predisposing syndromes: xeroderma pigmentosum
- Cancer–predisposing syndromes: von Hippel‐Lindau disease
- Cancer–predisposing syndromes: neurofibromatosis
- Cancer–predisposing syndromes: tuberous sclerosis complex
- Cancer–predisposing syndromes: multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes
- Cancer–predisposing syndromes: Carney complex
- Cancer–predisposing syndromes: PTEN hamartoma tumour syndrome
- Cancer–predisposing syndromes: sebaceous tumours, keratoacanthomas and visceral malignancy
- Cancer–predisposing syndromes: hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma syndrome
- Cancer–predisposing syndromes: Bloom, Rothmund–Thomson and Werner syndromes
- IMMUNODEFICIENCY AND NEOPLASIA SYNDROMES: WISKOTT–ALDRICH AND CHÉDIAK‐HIGASHI SYNDROMES, ATAXIA–TELANGIECTASIA, DYSKERATOSIS CONGENITA AND FANCONI ANAEMIA
- PARANEOPLASTIC PHENOMENA INVOLVING THE SKIN
- DERMATOSES ASSOCIATED WITH INTERNAL MALIGNANCIES
- VASCULAR DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH INTERNAL MALIGNANCY
- References
- 148The Skin and Disorders of the Haematopoietic and Immune Systems
- Overview
- Introduction
- Skin manifestations of haematological malignancies
- SKIN DISORDERS CAUSED BY INFILTRATION OF THE SKIN WITH NEOPLASTIC CELLS
- IMMUNOGLOBULIN DEPOSITION DISORDERS OF THE SKIN
- PARANEOPLASTIC CONDITIONS STRONGLY ASSOCIATED WITH HAEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES
- Paraneoplastic Sweet syndrome
- Paraneoplastic pyoderma gangrenosum
- Neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis
- Paraneoplastic pemphigus
- Paraneoplastic insect bite–like reaction
- Scleromyxoedema and malignancy
- Scleredema and malignancy
- Paraneoplastic normolipaemic xanthoma and necrobiotic xanthogranuloma
- Paraneoplastic pruritus
- PARANEOPLASTIC CONDITIONS OCCASIONALLY ASSOCIATED WITH HAEMATOLOGICAL NEOPLASMS
- SYNDROMES ASSOCIATED WITH HAEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES AND INVOLVING THE SKIN
- SKIN INVOLVEMENT IN IDIOPATHIC LYMPHADENOPATHIES
- IMMUNODEFICIENCY, PRIMARY: SKIN MANIFESTATIONS
- IMMUNODEFICIENCY, ACQUIRED: SKIN MANIFESTATIONS
- ANAEMIAS AND HAEMOGLOBINOPATHIES
- TRANSFUSION REACTIONS
- References
- 149The Skin and Endocrine Disorders
- Overview
- Introduction and overview
- Biological basis of dermatoendocrinology
- Principles of endocrinology
- Skin as a (neuro‐) endocrine organ
- Skin as a hormone target
- Neuroendocrine stress response systems in human skin and the brain–skin axis
- Human skin and hair research models as discovery tools for general neuroendocrinology
- (Neuro‐)endocrine contributions to cutaneous pathogenesis
- Basics of clinical dermatoendocrinology
- Systematic review of clinical dermatoendocrinology
- Hypopituitarism: skin manifestations
- Hyperpituitarism: skin manifestations
- Adrenal hyperfunction: skin manifestations
- Adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease): skin manifestations
- Hyperandrogenism: skin manifestations
- Hypoandrogenism: skin manifestations
- Hyperoestrogenism: skin manifestations
- Hypo‐oestrogenism: skin manifestations
- Phaeochromocytoma: skin manifestations
- Carcinoid: skin manifestations
- Glucagon and glucagonoma: skin manifestations
- Polyendocrine disease: skin manifestations
- Diabetes
- Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism: skin manifestations
- Hyperparathyroidism: skin manifestations
- Hypoparathyroidism: skin manifestations
- Future perspectives
- References
- 150The Skin and Disorders of the Heart
- 151The Skin and Disorders of the Respiratory System
- Overview
- INTRODUCTION
- ALLERGIC DISORDERS
- AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS
- VASCULITIS
- INFECTIONS
- CONGENITAL AND INHERITED DISORDERS/GENETIC SYNDROMES
- NEUTROPHILIC DERMATOSES
- OTHER SYSTEMIC DISEASES
- MISCELLANEOUS DISORDERS
- References
- 152The Skin and Disorders of the Digestive System
- Overview
- Introduction
- OESOPHAGUS, STOMACH AND INTESTINE
- Inflammatory bowel disease: skin manifestations
- Collagenous colitis: skin manifestations
- Coeliac disease: skin manifestations
- Bowel‐associated dermatosis‐arthritis syndrome
- Whipple disease: skin manifestations
- Intestinal polyposis: skin manifestations
- LIVER AND GALL BLADDER
- PANCREATIC DISEASE
- DERMATOLOGICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF OTHER DISORDERS INVOLVING THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
- Gastrointestinal bleeding and the skin
- Gastrointestinal malabsorption: skin manifestations
- Stomas: skin complications of
- Liver disease and the skin
- References
- 153The Skin and Disorders of the Kidney and Urinary Tract
- Overview
- INTRODUCTION
-
RENAL AND SKIN INVOLVEMENT IN HEREDITARY SYNDROMES
- Fabry disease
- Neurofibromatosis
- Nail–patella syndrome
- Tuberous sclerosis
- Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome
- Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma syndrome
- Von Hippel–Lindau syndrome.
- Multiple hamartoma and neoplasia syndrome
- Familial Mediterranean fever with urticaria, Muckle–Wells syndrome and tumour necrosis receptor associated periodic syndrome
- Oro‐facial–digital syndrome type 1
- RENAL DISORDERS, SKIN SIGNS OF
- RENAL AND SKIN INVOLVEMENT, ACQUIRED DISORDERS WITH
- RENAL DISORDERS SECONDARY TO SKIN DISEASE
- References
- 154The Skin and Disorders of the Musculoskeletal System
- Overview
- Introduction
- History and examination
- INFECTIVE ARTHROPATHIES
- INFLAMMATORY ARTHROPATHIES
- OSTEOARTHRITIS
- METABOLIC DISORDERS WITH MUSCULOSKELETAL AND CUTANEOUS INVOLVEMENT
- AUTOINFLAMMATORY DISORDERS
- INFLAMMATORY CHONDROPATHIES
- MISCELLANEOUS DISORDERS INVOLVING THE SKIN AND MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
- ANTIRHEUMATIC MEDICATION, ADVERSE CUTANEOUS REACTIONS TO
- References
Part 14 Aesthetic Dermatology
- 155Skin Ageing
- 156Cosmeceuticals
- 157Soft Tissue Augmentation (Fillers)
- 158Aesthetic Uses of Botulinum Toxins
- 159Chemical Peels
- 160Lasers and Energy‐based Devices