Part 4, Reference for Chapter 41: Atopic eczema (atopic dermatitis)
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Definition and nomenclature, Introduction and general description, Epidemiology, Pathophysiology
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- 3 Atopic and non‐atopic eczema. BMJ 2006;332(7541):584–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
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- 6 Epidemiology, clinical features, and immunology of the “intrinsic” (non‐IgE‐mediated) type of atopic dermatitis (constitutional dermatitis). Allergy 2001;56(9):841–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 7 How atopic is atopic dermatitis? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004;114(1):150–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 8 Characteristics of extrinsic vs. intrinsic atopic dermatitis in infancy: correlations with laboratory variables. Br J Dermatol 2006;155(4):778–83. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 9 Low prevalence of the intrinsic form of atopic dermatitis among adult patients. Allergy 2006;61(5):629–32. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
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- 11 Revised nomenclature for allergy for global use: Report of the Nomenclature Review Committee of the World Allergy Organization, October 2003. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004;113(5):832–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 12 Diagnostic features of atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 1980;92:44–7. , .
- 13 Secular change in the occurrence of atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 1992;176:7–12. Pubmed link , .
- 14 The U.K. Working Party's Diagnostic Criteria for Atopic Dermatitis. III. Independent hospital validation. Br J Dermatol 1994;131(3):406–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 15 Validation of the U.K. diagnostic criteria for atopic dermatitis in a population setting. U.K. Diagnostic Criteria for Atopic Dermatitis Working Party. Br J Dermatol 1996;135(1):12–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 16 The U.K. Working Party's Diagnostic Criteria for Atopic Dermatitis. III. Independent hospital validation. Br J Dermatol 1994;131(3):406–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 17 The millennium criteria for the diagnosis of atopic dermatitis. Exp Dermatol 1998;7(4):132–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 18 Consensus conference on pediatric atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;49(6):1088–95. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 19 Worldwide time trends in the prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and eczema in childhood: ISAAC Phases One and Three repeat multicountry cross‐sectional surveys. Lancet 2006;368(9537):733–43. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 20 Group IPTS. Global variations in prevalence of eczema symptoms in children from ISAAC Phase Three. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009;124(6):1251–8.e23. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , ,
- 21 The epidemiology of atopic dermatitis. In: Irvine AD, Hoeger PH, Yan AC, eds. Harper's Textbook of Pediatric Dermatology, 4th edn. Oxford: Wiley‐Blackwell, 2011. , .
- 22 Epidemiology of atopic dermatitis: recent advances and future predictions. Curr Probl Dermatol 1999;28:9–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 23 et al. and International Study of Allergy.. Is eczema really on the increase worldwide? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008;121(4):947–54 e15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , ,
- 24 Investigating international time trends in the incidence and prevalence of atopic eczema 1990–2010: a systematic review of epidemiological studies. PLOS One 2012;7(7):e39803. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 25 Prevalence of atopic dermatitis determined by clinical examination in Japanese adults. J Dermatol 2006;33(11):817–19. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 26 Eczema, atopy and allergen exposure in adults: a population‐based study. Clin Exp Allergy 2007;37(4):526–35. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 27 Severity distribution of atopic dermatitis in the community and its relationship to secondary referral. Br J Dermatol 1998;139(1):73–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 28 Eczema severity in preadolescent children and its relation to sex, filaggrin mutations, asthma, rhinitis, aggravating factors and topical treatment: a report from the BAMSE birth cohort. Br J Dermatol 2013;168(3):588–94. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 29 Management of difficult and severe eczema in childhood. BMJ 2012;345:e4770. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 30 Development and comorbidity of eczema, asthma and rhinitis to age 12: data from the BAMSE birth cohort. Allergy 2012;67(4):537–44. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 31 The global burden of skin disease in 2010: an analysis of the prevalence and impact of skin conditions. J Invest Dermatol 2014;134(6):1527–34. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 32 Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) – a simple practical measure for routine clinical use. Clin Exp Dermatol 1994;19(3):210–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 33 Assessment of health state utilities of controlled and uncontrolled psoriasis and atopic eczema: a population‐based study. Br J Dermatol 2008;158(2):351–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 34 Are quality of family life and disease severity related in childhood atopic dermatitis? J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2002;16(5):455–62. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 35 Quality of life in infants and children with atopic dermatitis: addressing issues of differential item functioning across countries in multinational clinical trials. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2007;5:45. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 36 Infant eczema, infant sleeping problems, and mental health at 10 years of age: the prospective birth cohort study LISAplus. Allergy 2011;66(3):404–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 37 Economic burden of atopic manifestations in patients with atopic dermatitis – analysis of administrative claims. J Manage Care Pharm 2007;13(9):778–89. , , , , , .
- 38 Recent perspectives on the global epidemiology of childhood eczema. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2011;39(3):174–82. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 39 The excess of atopic eczema in East Germany is related to the intrinsic type. Br J Dermatol 2000;143(5):992–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 40 Atopic dermatitis in migrant populations. In: Williams HC, ed. Atopic Dermatitis: The epidemiology, causes and prevention of atopic eczema. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000:169–82. Cross Ref link , .
- 41 The hygiene hypothesis does not apply to atopic eczema in childhood. Chem Immunol Allergy 2012;96:15–23. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 42 Cytokine modulation of atopic dermatitis filaggrin skin expression. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007;120(1):150–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 43 Atopic dermatitis in a population based twin series. Concordance rates and heritability estimation. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 1985;114:159. Pubmed link , .
- 44 Atopic dermatitis. A genetic–epidemiologic study in a population‐based twin sample. J Am Acad Dermatol 1986;15(3):487–94. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 45 The epidemiology of atopic dermatitis. Monogr Allergy 1993;31:9–28. Pubmed link .
- 46 A major susceptibility locus for atopic dermatitis maps to chromosome 3q21. Nat Genet 2000;26(4):470–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 47 Genetic linkage of childhood atopic dermatitis to psoriasis susceptibility loci. Nat Genet 2001;27(4):372–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 48 Susceptibility loci for atopic dermatitis on chromosomes 3, 13, 15, 17 and 18 in a Swedish population. Hum Mol Genet 2002;11(13):1539–48. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 49 Atopic dermatitis – a total genome‐scan for susceptibility genes. Acta Derm Venereol 2004;84(5):346–52. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 50 Single nucleotide polymorphism‐based genome‐wide linkage analysis in Japanese atopic dermatitis families. BMC Dermatol 2007;7:5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 51 Evidence for linkage of a new region (11p14) to eczema and allergic diseases. Hum Genet 2008;122(6):605–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 52 Genome‐wide association study identifies eight new susceptibility loci for atopic dermatitis in the Japanese population. Nat Genet 2012;44(11):1222–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 53 Genome‐wide association study identifies two new susceptibility loci for atopic dermatitis in the Chinese Han population. Nat Genet 2011;43(7):690–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 54 A genome‐wide association study of atopic dermatitis identifies loci with overlapping effects on asthma and psoriasis. Hum Mol Genet 2013 Dec 1;22(23):4841–56. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 55 Meta‐analysis of genome‐wide association studies identifies three new risk loci for atopic dermatitis. Nat Genet 2011;44(2):187–92. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 56 A common variant on chromosome 11q13 is associated with atopic dermatitis. Nat Genet 2009;41(5):596–601. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 57 Genetic and epigenetic fine mapping of causal autoimmune disease variants. Nature 2015 Feb 19;518(7539):337–43. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 58 An update on the genetics of atopic dermatitis: scratching the surface in 2009. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010;125(1):16–29 e1–11; quiz 30–1. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 59 Hygiene levels in a contemporary population cohort are associated with wheezing and atopic eczema in preschool infants. Arch Dis Child 2002;87(1):26–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 60 Atopic eczema and domestic water hardness. Lancet 1998;352(9127):527–31. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 61 New perspectives on epidermal barrier dysfunction in atopic dermatitis: gene–environment interactions. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006;118(1):3–21; quiz 2–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 62 Skin barrier function, epidermal proliferation and differentiation in eczema. J Dermatol Sci 2006;43(3):159–69. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 63 Percutaneous penetration of sodium lauryl sulphate is increased in uninvolved skin of patients with atopic dermatitis compared with control subjects. Br J Dermatol 2006;155(1):104–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 64 Clinical severity correlates with impaired barrier in filaggrin‐related eczema. J Invest Dermatol 2009;129(3):682–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 65 Common loss‐of‐function variants of the epidermal barrier protein filaggrin are a major predisposing factor for atopic dermatitis. Nat Genet 2006;38(4):441–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 66 The multifunctional role of filaggrin in allergic skin disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013;131(2):280–91. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 67 Gene polymorphism in Netherton and common atopic disease. Nat Genet 2001;29(2):175–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 68 Association of SPINK5 gene polymorphisms with atopic dermatitis in the Japanese population. Br J Dermatol 2003;148(4):665–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 69 Association between polymorphisms in the SPINK5 gene and atopic dermatitis in the Japanese. Genes Immun 2003;4(7):515–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 70 One remarkable molecule: filaggrin. J Invest Dermatol 2012;132(3 Pt 2):751–62. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 71 Prevalent and low‐frequency null mutations in the filaggrin gene are associated with early‐onset and persistent atopic eczema. J Invest Dermatol 2008;128(6):1591–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 72 Meta‐analysis of filaggrin polymorphisms in eczema and asthma: robust risk factors in atopic disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009;123(6):1361–70 e7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 73 Filaggrin gene defects and risk of developing allergic sensitisation and allergic disorders: systematic review and meta‐analysis. BMJ 2009;339:b2433. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 74 Filaggrin mutations associated with skin and allergic diseases. N Engl J Med 2011;365(14):1315–27. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 75 Atopic dermatitis: a disease of altered skin barrier and immune dysregulation. Immunol Rev 2011;242(1):233–46. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 76 An interaction between filaggrin mutations and early food sensitization improves the prediction of childhood asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009;123(4):911–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 77 Filaggrin mutations that confer risk of atopic dermatitis confer greater risk for eczema herpeticum. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009;124(3):507–13, 13 e1–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 78 Th2 cytokines act on S100/A11 to downregulate keratinocyte differentiation. J Invest Dermatol 2008;128(9):2248–58. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 79 Contribution of tight junction proteins to ion, macromolecule, and water barrier in keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2013;133(5):1161–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 80 Tight junction defects in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011;127(3):773–86 e1–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 81 et al. Coal tar induces AHR‐dependent skin barrier repair in atopic dermatitis. J Clin Invest 2013;123(2):917–27. Pubmed link , , ,
- 82 Abnormal skin barrier in the etiopathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2009;9(5):437–46. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 83 Group IPOS. Climate and the prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic eczema in children. Occup Environ Med 2004;61(7):609–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , ,
- 84 Climate and prevalence of atopic eczema in 6‐ to 7‐year‐old school children in Spain. ISAAC phase III. Int J Biometeorol 2008;52(8):833–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , et al.
- 85 Traffic‐related air pollution, climate, and prevalence of eczema in Taiwanese school children. J Invest Dermatol 2008;128(10):2412–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 86 Climatic factors are associated with childhood eczema prevalence in the United States. J Invest Dermatol 2013 Jul;133(7):1752–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 87 Effect of climatic change in children with atopic eczema. Allergy 2006;61(12):1403–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 88 Effect of filaggrin breakdown products on growth of and protein expression by Staphylococcus aureus. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010;126(6):1184–90 e3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 89 What causes flares of eczema in children? Br J Dermatol 2009;161(3):640–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 90 Flares in childhood eczema. Skin Therapy Lett 2009;14(8):4–5. Pubmed link .
- 91 Seasonality in symptom severity influenced by temperature or grass pollen: results of a panel study in children with eczema. J Invest Dermatol 2005;124(3):514–23. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 92 Comparison of allergic diseases, symptoms and respiratory infections between Finnish and Russian school children. Eur J Epidemiol 2008;23(2):123–33. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 93 Is there a rural/urban gradient in the prevalence of eczema? A systematic review. Br J Dermatol 2010;162(5):964–73. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 94 Do fast foods cause asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis and eczema? Global findings from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Phase Three. Thorax 2013;68(4):351–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
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- 96 Maternal diet during pregnancy in relation to eczema and allergic sensitization in the offspring at 2 y of age. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85(2):530–7. Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 97 Maternal fish intake during pregnancy and atopy and asthma in infancy. Clin Exp Allergy 2007;37(4):518–25. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
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- 99 Early introduction of fish decreases the risk of eczema in infants. Arch Dis Child 2009;94(1):11–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , et al.
- 100 Margarine and butter consumption, eczema and allergic sensitization in children. The LISA birth cohort study. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2006;17(2):85–93. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 101 Maternal dietary antigen avoidance during pregnancy or lactation, or both, for preventing or treating atopic disease in the child. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;9:CD000133. Pubmed link , .
- 102 Lack of evidence for a protective effect of prolonged breastfeeding on childhood eczema: lessons from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Phase Two. Br J Dermatol 2011;165(6):1280–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
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- 104 Associations of age, gender, and BMI with prevalence of allergic diseases in children: PATCH study. J Asthma 2011;48(5):503–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 105 Association between obesity and atopic dermatitis in childhood: a case–control study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011;127(5):1180–6 e1. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 106 Body mass index in young children and allergic disease: gender differences in a longitudinal study. Clin Exp Allergy 2011;41(1):78–85. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 107 Overweight hypothesis in asthma and eczema in young adolescents. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2006;34(5):199–205. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
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- 110 Atopic diseases, allergic sensitization, and exposure to traffic‐related air pollution in children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008;177(12):1331–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 111 Residential proximity fine particles related to allergic sensitisation and asthma in primary school children. Respir Med 2007;101(8):1721–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 112 Eczema, respiratory allergies, and traffic‐related air pollution in birth cohorts from small‐town areas. J Dermatol Sci 2009;56(2):99–105. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 113 Maternal smoking and environmental tobacco smoke exposure and the risk of allergic diseases in Japanese infants: the Osaka Maternal and Child Health Study. J Asthma 2008;45(9):833–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 114 Household conditions, eczema symptoms and rhinitis symptoms: relationship with wheeze and severe wheeze in children living in the Polokwane area, South Africa. Matern Child Health J 2009;13(1):107–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 115 Environmental factors, parental atopy and atopic eczema in primary‐school children: a cross‐sectional study in Taiwan. Br J Dermatol 2007;157(6):1217–24. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 116 Effect of prenatal exposure to fine particulate matter and intake of Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) in pregnancy on eczema occurrence in early childhood. Sci Total Environ 2011;409(24):5205–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 117 Is breast feeding a risk factor for eczema during the first year of life? Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2007;18(5):410–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 118 Hay fever, hygiene, and household size. BMJ 1989;299(6710):1259–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 119 Does a higher number of siblings protect against the development of allergy and asthma? A review. J Epidemiol Community Health 2002;56(3):209–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
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- 125 Home environment and suspected atopic eczema in Japanese infants: the Osaka Maternal and Child Health Study. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2007;18(5):425–32. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 126 Day care attendance in early life, maternal history of asthma, and asthma at the age of 6 years. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;167(9):1239–43. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 127 Cohort study of sibling effect, infectious diseases, and risk of atopic dermatitis during first 18 months of life. BMJ 2004;328(7450):1223. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 128 Pre‐ and post‐natal exposure to antibiotics and the development of eczema, recurrent wheezing and atopic sensitization in children up to the age of 4 years. Clin Exp Allergy 2010;40(9):1378–87. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 129 Day‐care attendance and increased risk for respiratory and allergic symptoms in preschool age. Allergy 2006;61(4):447–53. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 130 Association between attendance of day care centres and increased prevalence of eczema in the German birth cohort study LISAplus. Allergy 2011;66(1):68–75. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
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- 132 Austrian children living on a farm have less hay fever, asthma and allergic sensitization. Clin Exp Allergy 2000;30(2):194–200. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 133 Farm environment in childhood prevents the development of allergies. Clin Exp Allergy 2000;30(2):201–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 134 Farm residence and exposures and the risk of allergic diseases in New Zealand children. Allergy 2002;57(12):1171–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 135 Which aspects of the farming lifestyle explain the inverse association with childhood allergy? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006;117(6):1374–81. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 136 Lifelong farm exposure may strongly reduce the risk of asthma in adults. Allergy 2007;62(10):1158–65. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 137 The protective effect of farm milk consumption on childhood asthma and atopy: the GABRIELA study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011;128(4):766–73 e4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 138 Inverse association of farm milk consumption with asthma and allergy in rural and suburban populations across Europe. Clin Exp Allergy 2007;37(5):661–70. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 139 Maternal farm exposure/ingestion of unpasteurized cow's milk and allergic disease. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2012;28(6):570–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 140 Farm exposure in utero may protect against asthma, hay fever and eczema. Eur Resp J 2008;32(3):603–11. Cross Ref link , , , et al.
- 141 Prenatal animal contact and gene expression of innate immunity receptors at birth are associated with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011;127(1):179–85, 85 e1. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 142 The role of furry pets in eczema: a systematic review. Arch Dermatol 2007;143(12):1570–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 143 Gene–environment interaction in the onset of eczema in infancy: filaggrin loss‐of‐function mutations enhanced by neonatal cat exposure. PLOS Med 2008;5(6):e131. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 144 Filaggrin mutations in the onset of eczema, sensitization, asthma, hay fever and the interaction with cat exposure. Allergy 2009;64(12):1758–65. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 145 Opposing effects of cat and dog ownership and allergic sensitization on eczema in an atopic birth cohort. J Pediatr 2011;158(2):265–71.e1–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 146 The ‘hygiene hypothesis’ for autoimmune and allergic diseases: an update. Clin Exp Immunol 2010;160(1):1–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 147 Do helminth parasites protect against atopy and allergic disease? Clin Exp Allergy 2009;39(1):20–32. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 148 Anthelminthic treatment during pregnancy is associated with increased risk of infantile eczema: randomised‐controlled trial results. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2011;22(3):305–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 149 Effect of albendazole treatments on the prevalence of atopy in children living in communities endemic for geohelminth parasites: a cluster‐randomised trial. Lancet 2006;367(9522):1598–603. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 150 Reduced helminth burden increases allergen skin sensitization but not clinical allergy: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial in Vietnam. Clin Exp Allergy 2010;40(1):131–42. Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 151 The importance of prenatal exposures on the development of allergic disease: a birth cohort study using the West Midlands General Practice Database. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;166(6):827–32. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 152 Pre‐natal and post‐natal exposure to respiratory infection and atopic diseases development: a historical cohort study. Respir Res 2006;7:81. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 153 Early exposure to antibiotics and infections and the incidence of atopic eczema: a population‐based cohort study. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2010;21(2 Pt 1):292–300. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 154 Does early life exposure to antibiotics increase the risk of eczema? A systematic review. Br J Dermatol 2013 Nov;169(5):983–91. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 155 The intestinal microflora in allergic Estonian and Swedish 2‐year‐old children. Clin Exp Allergy 1999;29(3):342–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 156 The skin microbiome. Nat Rev Microbiol 2011;9(4):244–53. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 157 Atopic dermatitis. N Engl J Med 2008;358(14):1483–94. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 158 Compartmentalized control of skin immunity by resident commensals. Science 2012;337(6098):1115–19. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 159 Reduced diversity in the early fecal microbiota of infants with atopic eczema. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008;121(1):129–34. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 160 Sensitization via healthy skin programs Th2 responses in individuals with atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2013;133(10):2372–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 161 Possible pathogenic role of Th17 cells for atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2008;128(11):2625–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
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- 316 Immunochemical characterization of the distinct monocyte cyclic AMP‐phosphodiesterase from patients with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1993;91(6):1179–88. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 317 Monocyte phosphodiesterase abnormalities and dysregulation of lymphocyte function in atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 1995;105(1 Suppl.):84S–8S. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 318 Immunosuppressive and anti‐inflammatory effects of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) type 4 inhibitors. Immunopharmacology 2000;47(2–3):127–62. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 319 Randomized comparison of the type 4 phosphodiesterase inhibitor cipamfylline cream, cream vehicle and hydrocortisone 17‐butyrate cream for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2002;147(2):299–307. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 320 Efficacy of apremilast in the treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2012;380(9843):738–46. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 321 A pilot study of an oral phosphodiesterase inhibitor (apremilast) for atopic dermatitis in adults. Arch Dermatol 2013;148(8):890–7. , , , .
- 322 Mechanism underlying the effect of combined therapy using glucosamine and low‐dose cyclosporine A on the development of atopic dermatitis‐like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2013;15(2):424–32. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 323 Cellular basis of itch sensation. Science 2009;325(5947):1531–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 324 Temperature modulated histamine‐itch in lesional and nonlesional skin in atopic eczema ‐ a combined psychophysical and neuroimaging study. Allergy 2010;65(1):84–94. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 325 Skin levels of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol Res 1991;283(4):230–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 326 Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and substance P in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 1992;176:90–2. Pubmed link , , , .
- 327 Neuropeptides in skin disease: increased VIP in eczema and psoriasis but not axillary hyperhidrosis. Br J Dermatol 1991;124(6):547–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 328 Substance P levels are decreased in lesional skin of atopic dermatitis. Exp Dermatol 1992;1(3):127–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 329 Epidermal nerve fibers modulate keratinocyte growth via neuropeptide signaling in an innervated skin model. J Invest Dermatol 2013;133(6):1620–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 330 Treatment of prurigo nodularis with topical capsaicin. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;44(3):471–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 331 Human keratinocytes synthesize, secrete, and degrade acetylcholine. J Invest Dermatol 1993;101(1):32–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 332 Acetylcholine is an inducer of itching in patients with atopic eczema. J Dermatol 1997;24(10):621–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 333 Interleukin 31, a cytokine produced by activated T cells, induces dermatitis in mice. Nat Immunol 2004;5(7):752–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 334 Expression of IL‐31 gene transcripts in NC/Nga mice with atopic dermatitis. Eur J Pharmacol 2005;516(2):180–1. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 335 Involvement of IL‐31 on scratching behavior in NC/Nga mice with atopic‐like dermatitis. Exp Dermatol 2006;15(3):161–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 336 IL‐31 is associated with cutaneous lymphocyte antigen‐positive skin homing T cells in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006;117(2):418–25. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 337 Human IL‐31 is induced by IL‐4 and promotes TH2‐driven inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013;132(2):446–54 e5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 338 IL‐31 significantly correlates with disease activity and Th2 cytokine levels in children with atopic dermatitis. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2012;23(3):285–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 339 Neuropeptides in the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Dermatol 1995;20(6):462–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 340 Local cholinergic sweat stimulation in atopic dermatitis. An evaporimetric study. Acta Derm Venereol 1991;71(3):219–23. Pubmed link , , .
- 341 Cholinergic and adrenergic sweating in atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol 1992;72(2):106–8. Pubmed link .
- 342 Pilocarpine‐induced cholinergic sweat secretion compared with emotional sweat secretion in atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 1999;140(6):1110–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 343 Impaired sweating function in adult atopic dermatitis: results of the quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test. Br J Dermatol 2002;147(4):683–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 344 Adrenaline‐induced local sweating and vasoconstrictive responses in atopic skin. Br J Dermatol 1992;126(3):246–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 345 Sweating response to moderate thermal stress in atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 1992;126(4):346–50. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 346 Thermal and sweating responses in normal and atopic subjects under internal and moderate external heat stress. Arch Dermatol Res 1992;284(3):135–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 347 IgE‐mediated hypersensitivity against human sweat antigen in patients with atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol 2002;82(5):335–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 348 Semi‐purification of the immunoglobulin E‐sweat antigen acting on mast cells and basophils in atopic dermatitis. Exp Dermatol 2006;15(4):283–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 349 Sweat antigen induces histamine release from basophils of patients with cholinergic urticaria associated with atopic diathesis. Br J Dermatol 2009;160(2):426–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 350 Preliminary evidence for Herpes labialis recurrence following experimentally induced disgust. Psychother Psychosom 2001;70(2):86–91. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 351 Stress and psoriasis: psychoendocrine and metabolic reactions in psoriatic patients during standardized stressor exposure. Psychosom Med 1985;47(6):528–41. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 352 Attenuated free cortisol response to psychosocial stress in children with atopic dermatitis. Psychosom Med 1997;59(4):419–26. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 353 The influence of the menstrual cycle and pregnancy on atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 1991;125(1):59–61. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 354 Sex differences in glucocorticoid sensitivity of proinflammatory cytokine production after psychosocial stress. Psychosom Med 2001;63(6):966–72. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 355 Immune mechanisms leading to atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003;112(6 Suppl.):S128–39. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 356 Filaggrin haploinsufficiency is highly penetrant and is associated with increased severity of eczema: further delineation of the skin phenotype in a prospective epidemiological study of 792 school children. Br J Dermatol 2009;161(4):884–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 357 New insights into the epidemiology of childhood atopic dermatitis. Allergy 2014;69(1):3–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 358 Dietary supplements for established atopic eczema. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012 Feb 15;2:CD005205. Pubmed link , , , .
Clinical features
Classification of severity
- 359 Diagnostic features of atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 1980;92:44–7. , .
- 360 Re‐evaluation of skin lesion distribution in atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 1992;176:19–23. Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 361 The ‘dirty neck’ – a reticulate pigmentation in atopics. Clin Exp Dermatol 1987;12:1–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 362 Clinical presentation of atopic dermatitis in Negroid children. Afr J Med Sci 1993;22:41–4. , , .
- 363 Adult‐onset atopic dermatitis. Australas J Dermatol 2000;41:225–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 364 Pityrosporum orbiculare – a pathogenetic factor in atopic dermatitis of the face, scalp and neck. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 1985;114:46–8. , .
- 365 Prevalence and morphology of hand eczema in patients with atopic dermatitis. Dermatitis 2006;17:123–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 366 Impact of atopic dermatitis and loss‐of‐function mutations in the filaggrin gene on the development of occupational irritant contact dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2013;168/2:326–32. Cross Ref link , , , et al.
- 367 Occupational food‐related hand dermatoses seen over a 10‐year period. Contact Dermatitis 2012;66:264–70. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
Diagnosis and differential diagnosis
- 368 Diagnostic criteria for atopic dermatitis: a systematic review. Br J Dermatol 2008;158(4):754–65. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 369 Validation and refinement of the Millennium Criteria for atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol 2011;38:85–8. , , , et al.
- 370 Early diagnosis of infantile seborrhoeic dermatitis and atopic dermatitis I. Clinical features; ‘total’ and specific IgE levels. Br J Dermatol 1983;108:633–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 371 Occupational autoeczematization or atopic eczema precipitated by occupational contact dermatitis? Contact Derm 2007;56:21–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 372 Airborne and systemic dermatitis, mimicking atopic dermatitis, caused by methylisothiazolinone in a young child. Contact Derm 2013;68(4):250–1. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
Classification of severity
- 373 What are the best outcome measures for atopic eczema? A systematic review. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007;120(6):1389–98. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 374 National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Atopic Eczema in Children: management of atopic eczema in children from birth up to the age of 12 years, 2007 http://www.nice.org.uk/Guidance/CG57 (last accessed May 2015).
- 375 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). Management of atopic eczema in primary care. SIGN publication No.125 Edinburgh: SIGN, 2011.
- 376 Japanese Guidelines for atopic dermatitis. Allergol Int 2011;60:205–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 377 Quality of life and disease severity are correlated in children with atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2004;150(2):284–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
Complications and co‐morbidities
- 378 Quality of life in atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;45(Suppl. 1):S67–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 379 The handicap caused by atopic dermatitis – sick leave and job avoidance. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2006;20:255–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 380 The family impact of childhood atopic dermatitis: the dermatitis family impact questionnaire. Br J Dermatol 1998;138:107–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 381 Quality of life measures in Italian children with atopic dermatitis and their families. Ital J Pediatr 2011;37:59 http://www.ijponline.net/content/37/1/59 (last accessed May 2015). Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 382 An audit of the impact of a consultation with a paediatric dermatology team on quality of life in infants with atopic eczema and their families: further validation of the Infants' Dermatitis Quality of Life Index and Dermatitis Family Impact score. Br J Dermatol 2006;155:1249–55. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 383 Mental health comorbidity in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013;131:428–33. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 384 An audit of the impact of a consultation with a paediatric dermatology team on quality of life in infants with atopic eczema and their families: further validation of the Infants' Dermatitis Quality of Life Index and Dermatitis Family Impact score. Br J Dermatol 2006;155:1249–55. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 385 Mental health comorbidity in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013;131:428–33 Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 386 Sleep difficulties and their management in pre‐schoolers with atopic eczema. Clin Exp Dermatol 1995;20:38–41. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 387 Sleep disturbances in children with atopic dermatitis. Arch Paediatr Adolesc Med 1995;149:856–60. Cross Ref link , , , et al.
- 388 Core beliefs and psychological distress in patients with psoriasis and atopic eczema attending secondary care: The role of schemas in chronic skin disease. Br J Dermatol 2012;166:986–93. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 389 Mental health comorbidity in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013;131(2):428–33. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 390 Topical corticosteroid phobia in atopic dermatitis: a study of its nature, origins and frequency. Br J Dermatol 2011;165(4):808–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , et al.
- 391 Pattern of growth and adiposity from infancy to adulthood in atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2006;155:532–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 392 Short stature in children with atopic eczema. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl 1989;144:41–4. .
- 393 Cushing's syndrome induced by misuse of moderate‐ to high‐potency topical corticosteroids. Ann Pharmacother 2008;42(12):1903–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 394 Two cases of Cushing's syndrome due to overuse of topical steroid in the diaper area. Pediatr Dermatol 2008;25(5):544–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 395 Exogenous Cushing's syndrome due to topical corticosteroid application: case report and review literature. Endocrine 2010;38(3):328–34. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 396 Interventions to reduce Staphylococcal aureus in the management of atopic eczema. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008 Jul 16(3): CD003871. Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 397 Recurrent viral infections in patients with past or present atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 1986;114:575–82. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 398 Childhood atopic dermatitis and warts are associated with increased risk of infection: A US population‐based study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014 Apr;133(4):1041–7 Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 399 The relationship between HIV infection and atopic dermatitis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2002;Jul:2(4):275–81. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 400 Atopic dermatitis and HTLV‐1‐associated myelopathy: associated or coincidental disorders? Dermatology 1999;199:356–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 401 Atopic dermatitis: ocular changes. Int J Dermatol 1994;33:11–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 402 Infraorbital crease, ethnic group, and atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol 1996;132:51–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 403 Eczema and keratoconus. BMJ 1966;ii:977–9. .
- 404 Atopic keratoconjunctivitis: A review. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014;70(3):569–75. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 405 Cataract progression in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Cataract Refract Surg 1999;25:96–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 406 Eczema and keratoconus. BMJ 1966;ii:977–9. .
- 407 Multicenter retrospective study of retinal detachment associated with atopic dermatitis. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2000;44:407–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 408 Lymphoma among patients with atopic dermatitis and/or treated with topical immunosuppressants in the United Kingdom. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009 May;123(5):1111–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 409 Incidence of cancer in the general population and in patients with or without atopic dermatitis in the U.K. Br J Dermatol 2010;163(5):1036–43. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 410 Cartilaginous pseudo‐cyst of the external auricle in children with atopic eczema. Br J Dermatol 1990;122:699–704. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
Complications and co‐morbidities
- 411 Development of allergies and asthma in infants and young children with atopic dermatitis – a prospective follow‐up to 7 years of age. Allergy 2000;55:240–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 412 Long‐term follow up of atopic dermatitis: retrospective analysis of related risk factors and association with concomitant allergic diseases. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;55:765–71. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 413 The atopic march: Progression from atopic dermatitis to allergic rhinitis and asthma. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res 2011 April;3(2):67–73. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 414 Common loss‐of‐function variants of the epidermal barrier protein filaggrin are a major predisposing factor for atopic dermatitis. Nat Genet 2006;38:441–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 415 Clinical presentation of atopic dermatitis by filaggrin gene mutation status during the first 7 Years of life in a prospective cohort study. PLOS One 2012;7(11):e48678. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 416 The persistence of atopic dermatitis and filaggrin (FLG) mutations in a US longitudinal cohort. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012;130:912–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 417 Early diagnosis of infantile seborrhoeic dermatitis and atopic dermatitis – clinical features. Br J Dermatol 1983;108:633–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 418 Seborrhoeic eczema – a disease entity or a clinical variant of atopic eczema? Br J Dermatol 1986;115:341–50. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 419 Contact sensitivity in adults with atopic dermatitis in childhood. Contact Dermatitis 1985;13:1–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 420 Impact of atopic dermatitis and loss‐of‐function mutations in the filaggrin gene on the development of occupational irritant contact dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2013;168/2:326–32. Cross Ref link , , , et al.
- 421 Contact sensitization to common haptens is associated with atopic dermatitis: New insight. Br J Dermatol 2012;166:1255–61. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 422 Natural rubber latex protein sensitivity in review. Am J Contact Dermatitis 1993;4:4–21. Cross Ref link .
- 423 Latex allergy in atopic children. Br J Dermatol 1999;140:919–21. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 424 Infra‐auricular fissures in atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1994;74:129–31. , , , .
- 425 Epidemiology and genetics of alopecia areata. Clin Exp Dermatol 2002;27(5):405–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 426 Protein contact dermatitis in slaughterhouse workers. Contact Dermatitis 1989;21:221–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 427 Occupational protein contact dermatitis in food handlers. Contact Dermatitis 1976;2:28–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 428 Prurigo Besnier (atopic dermatitis) with special reference to the role of allergic factors. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1960–1;40:285;41:363. .
- 429 Filaggrin haploinsufficiency is highly penetrant and is associated with increased severity of eczema: further delineation of the skin phenotype in a prospective epidemiological study of 792 school children. Br J Dermatol 2009;161(4):884–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
Disease course and prognosis
- 430 Infantile eczema. A long‐term follow‐up study. Br J Dermatol 1976;95:365–72. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 431 Essential Aspects of Atopic Dermatitis. Berlin: Springer‐Verlag, 1989. Cross Ref link
- 432 Prognostic factors in atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1985;65:206–13. .
- 433 Natural history of infantile eczema. Its incidence and course. J Pediatr 1965;66:158–63. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 434 The natural history of atopic eczema. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 1980;92:113–15. .
- 435 The natural history of childhood eczema: observations from the British 1958 birth cohort study. Br J Dermatol 1998;139(5):834–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 436 The natural history of atopic eczema. Acta Dermatol Venereol (Stockh) Suppl 1980;92:113–15. .
- 437 Development and comorbidity of eczema, asthma and rhinitis to age 12: data from the BAMSE birth cohort. Allergy 2012;67(4):537–44. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 438 Atopic dermatitis in adults: does it disappear with age? Acta Derm Venereol 2006;86(2):135–9. Pubmed link , .
- 439 The epidemiology of hand eczema in the general population–prevalence and main findings. Contact Dermatitis 2010;62(2):75–87. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 440 The natural course of atopic dermatitis from birth to age 7 years and the association with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004;113(5):925–31. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 441 Null mutations in the filaggrin gene (FLG) determine major susceptibility to early‐onset atopic dermatitis that persists into adulthood. J Invest Dermatol 2007;127(3):564–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 442 Loss‐of‐function variants in the filaggrin gene are a significant risk factor for peanut allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011;127(3):661–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 443 Filaggrin mutations associated with skin and allergic diseases. N Engl J Med 2011;365(14):1315–27. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 444 Atopic Dermatitis and Disease Severity Are the Main Risk Factors for Food Sensitization in Exclusively Breastfed Infants. J Invest Dermatol 2014 Feb;134(2):345–50. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 445 The prevalence of childhood atopic eczema in a general population. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994;30(1):35–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 446 The natural history of atopic dermatitis. In: Williams HC, ed. Atopic Dermatitis: The Epidemiology, Causes, and Prevention of Atopic Eczema. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000:41–59. Cross Ref link , .
- 447 The natural course of atopic dermatitis from birth to age 7 years and the association with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004;113:925–31. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 448 Filaggrin loss‐of‐function mutations are associated with early‐onset eczema, eczema severity and transepidermal water loss at 3 months of age. Br J Dermatol 2010;163:1333. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 449 Prognosis of atopic dermatitis, a prospective study in early adulthood. Int J Dermatol 2007;30:563–8. Cross Ref link , , , et al.
- 450 Impact of atopic dermatitis and loss‐of‐function mutations in the filaggrin gene on the development of occupational irritant contact dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2013;168/2:326–32. Cross Ref link , , , et al.
Disease prevention and occupational advice, Role of breastfeeding
- 451 The prevention of eczema in infants and children: an overview of Cochrane and non‐Cochrane reviews. Evid Based Child Health 2011;6:1322–39. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 452 Maternal probiotic supplementation during pregnancy and breast‐feeding reduces the risk of eczema in the infant. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012;130:1355–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 453 Understanding the evidence for and against the role of breastfeeding in allergy prevention. Clin Exp Allergy 2012;42:827–51. Pubmed link , , .
- 454 FDA's health claim review: Whey‐protein partially hydrolyzed infant formula and atopic dermatitis. Pediatrics 2012;130:e408–e14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 455 Prevention of atopic dermatitis. F100 Reports Medicine 2012 http://f1000.com/prime/reports/m/4/24 (last accessed May 2015). , , .
- 456 Centre of Evidence‐Based Dermatology. Barrier Enhancement Eczema Prevention (BEEP). Pilot Study http://www.beepstudy.org/ (last accessed May 2015).
- 457 Epidemiology and job‐related problems for the eczema patient. Acta Derm Venereol 2005;85(Suppl.):41–4. Cross Ref link .
Investigations
- 458 How atopic is atopic dermatitis? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004;114:150–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 459 National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Atopic Eczema in Children: management of atopic eczema in children from birth up to the age of 12 years, 2007 http://www.nice.org.uk/Guidance/CG57 (last accessed May 2015).
- 460 Guidelines for treatment of atopic eczema (atopic dermatitis) Part i. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2012;26:1045–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 461 Food‐induced contact urticaria syndrome (CUS) in atopic dermatitis: reproducibility of repeated and duplicate testing with a skin provocation test, the skin application food test (SAFT). Contact Dermatitis 1994;31:314–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 462 Contact sensitivity to Pityrosporum ovale in patients with atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol 1990;126(5):627–32. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 463 Positive atopy patch test reactions to Pityrosporum orbiculare in atopic dermatitis patients. Clin Exp Allergy 2000;30(1):122–31. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 464 Systemic ketoconazole for yeast allergic patients with atopic dermatitis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2001;15(1):34–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 465 Positive atopy patch test reaction to Malassezia furfur in atopic dermatitis correlates with a T helper 2‐like peripheral blood mononuclear cells response. J Invest Dermatol 2002;118(6):1044–51. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 466 The prevalence of Malassezia yeasts in patients with atopic dermatitis, seborrhoeic dermatitis and healthy controls. Acta Derm Venereol 2005;85(1):17–23. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 467 Contact dermatitis in atopic individuals. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2012;12:491–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 468 Allergic contact dermatitis in children with and without atopic dermatitis. Dermatitis 2012;23(6):275–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 469 Atopic dermatitis results in intrinsic barrier and immune abnormalities: Implications for contact dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013 Feb;131(2):300–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 470 Nickel sensitization, hand eczema, and loss‐of‐function mutations in the filaggrin gene. Dermatitis 2008;19(6):303–7. Pubmed link , , .
- 471 Association between filaggrin null mutations and concomitant atopic dermatitis and contact allergy. Clin Exp Dermatol 2011;36(5):467–72. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 472 Sensitization via healthy skin programs Th2 responses in individuals with atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2013 Oct;133(10):2372–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
Management
- 473 National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Atopic Eczema in Children: management of atopic eczema in children from birth up to the age of 12 years, 2007 http://www.nice.org.uk/Guidance/CG57 (last accessed May 2015).
- 474 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). Management of atopic eczema in primary care. SIGN publication No.125. Edinburgh: SIGN, 2011.
- 475 Guidelines for treatment of atopic eczema (atopic dermatitis) Part i. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2012;26:1045–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 476 The British Association of Dermatologists audit of atopic eczema management in secondary care. Phase 3: audit of service outcome. Br J Dermatol 2000;142:721–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 477 2000 http://www.hta.ac.uk/fullmono/mon437.pdf (last accessed May 2015). , , . Systematic review of treatments for atopic eczema. Health Technology Assessment,
- 478 Effect of standard medication on quality of life of patients with atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol 2007;34:9–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 479 A systematic review of the safety of topical therapies for atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2007;156:203–21. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 480 Stealth monitoring of adherence to topical medication: adherence is very poor in children with atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;56:211–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 481 Topical corticosteroid phobia in atopic dermatitis: a study of its nature, origins and frequency. Br J Dermatol 2011;165:808–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
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Treatment
Third line
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