Definition and nomenclature, Introduction and general description, Epidemiology, Pathophysiology

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  • 356  Brown SJ, Relton CL, Liao H, et al. Filaggrin haploinsufficiency is highly penetrant and is associated with increased severity of eczema: further delineation of the skin phenotype in a prospective epidemiological study of 792 school children. Br J Dermatol 2009;161(4):8849. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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Clinical features

    Classification of severity

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    • 367  Vester L, Thyssen JP, Menné T, et al. Occupational food‐related hand dermatoses seen over a 10‐year period. Contact Dermatitis 2012;66:26470. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Diagnosis and differential diagnosis

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    Classification of severity

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    Complications and co‐morbidities

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    • 396  Birnie AJ, Bath‐Hextall FJ, Ravenscroft JC, et al. Interventions to reduce Staphylococcal aureus in the management of atopic eczema. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008 Jul 16(3): CD003871. Pubmed link
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    • 401  Sehgal VN, Jain S. Atopic dermatitis: ocular changes. Int J Dermatol 1994;33:1114. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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    • 405  Nagaki Y, Hayasaka S, Kadoi C. Cataract progression in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Cataract Refract Surg 1999;25:969. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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    Complications and co‐morbidities

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    • 414  Palmer CNA, Irvine DA, Terron‐Kwiatkoski A, et al. Common loss‐of‐function variants of the epidermal barrier protein filaggrin are a major predisposing factor for atopic dermatitis. Nat Genet 2006;38:4416. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 415  Carson CG, Rasmussen MA, Thyssen JP, et al. Clinical presentation of atopic dermatitis by filaggrin gene mutation status during the first 7 Years of life in a prospective cohort study. PLOS One 2012;7(11):e48678. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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    • 417  Yates VN, Kerr RA, MacKie RM. Early diagnosis of infantile seborrhoeic dermatitis and atopic dermatitis – clinical features. Br J Dermatol 1983;108:6338. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 418  Podmore P, Burrows D, Eedy DJ, et al. Seborrhoeic eczema – a disease entity or a clinical variant of atopic eczema? Br J Dermatol 1986;115:34150. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 419  Rysted I. Contact sensitivity in adults with atopic dermatitis in childhood. Contact Dermatitis 1985;13:18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 420  Visser MJ, Landeck L, Campbell LE, et al. Impact of atopic dermatitis and loss‐of‐function mutations in the filaggrin gene on the development of occupational irritant contact dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2013;168/2:32632. Cross Ref link
    • 421  Thyssen JP, Linneberg A, Engkilde K, et al. Contact sensitization to common haptens is associated with atopic dermatitis: New insight. Br J Dermatol 2012;166:125561. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 422  Hamann CP. Natural rubber latex protein sensitivity in review. Am J Contact Dermatitis 1993;4:421. Cross Ref link
    • 423  Holme SA, Lever RS. Latex allergy in atopic children. Br J Dermatol 1999;140:91921. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 424  Tada J, Toi Y, Akiyama H, Arata J. Infra‐auricular fissures in atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1994;74:12931.
    • 425  McDonagh AJ, Tazi‐Ahnini R. Epidemiology and genetics of alopecia areata. Clin Exp Dermatol 2002;27(5):4059. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 426  Hansen KS, Petersen HO. Protein contact dermatitis in slaughterhouse workers. Contact Dermatitis 1989;21:2214. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 427  Hjorth N, Roed‐Petersen J. Occupational protein contact dermatitis in food handlers. Contact Dermatitis 1976;2:2842. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 428  Rajka G. Prurigo Besnier (atopic dermatitis) with special reference to the role of allergic factors. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1960–1;40:285;41:363.
    • 429  Brown SJ, Relton CL, Liao H, et al. Filaggrin haploinsufficiency is highly penetrant and is associated with increased severity of eczema: further delineation of the skin phenotype in a prospective epidemiological study of 792 school children. Br J Dermatol 2009;161(4):8849. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Disease course and prognosis

    • 430  Musgrove K, Morgan JK. Infantile eczema. A long‐term follow‐up study. Br J Dermatol 1976;95:36572. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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    • 438  Sandstrom Falk MH, Faergemann J. Atopic dermatitis in adults: does it disappear with age? Acta Derm Venereol 2006;86(2):1359. Pubmed link
    • 439  Thyssen JP, Johansen JD, Linneberg A, Menne T. The epidemiology of hand eczema in the general population–prevalence and main findings. Contact Dermatitis 2010;62(2):7587. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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    • 441  Barker JN, Palmer CN, Zhao Y, et al. Null mutations in the filaggrin gene (FLG) determine major susceptibility to early‐onset atopic dermatitis that persists into adulthood. J Invest Dermatol 2007;127(3):5647. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 442  Brown SJ, Asai Y, Cordell HJ, et al. Loss‐of‐function variants in the filaggrin gene are a significant risk factor for peanut allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011;127(3):6617. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 443  Irvine AD, McLean WH, Leung DY. Filaggrin mutations associated with skin and allergic diseases. N Engl J Med 2011;365(14):131527. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 444  Flohr C, Perkin M, Logan K, et al. Atopic Dermatitis and Disease Severity Are the Main Risk Factors for Food Sensitization in Exclusively Breastfed Infants. J Invest Dermatol 2014 Feb;134(2):34550. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 445  Kay J, Gawkrodger DJ, Mortimer MJ, Jaron AG. The prevalence of childhood atopic eczema in a general population. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994;30(1):359. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 446  Williams HC, Wüthrich B. The natural history of atopic dermatitis. In: Williams HC, ed. Atopic Dermatitis: The Epidemiology, Causes, and Prevention of Atopic Eczema. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000:4159. Cross Ref link
    • 447  Illi S, von Mutius E, Lau S, et al. The natural course of atopic dermatitis from birth to age 7 years and the association with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004;113:92531. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 448  Flohr C, England K, Radulovic S, et al. Filaggrin loss‐of‐function mutations are associated with early‐onset eczema, eczema severity and transepidermal water loss at 3 months of age. Br J Dermatol 2010;163:1333. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 449  Lammintausta K, Kalimo K, Raitala R, et al. Prognosis of atopic dermatitis, a prospective study in early adulthood. Int J Dermatol 2007;30:5638. Cross Ref link
    • 450  Visser MJ, Landeck L, Campbell LE, et al. Impact of atopic dermatitis and loss‐of‐function mutations in the filaggrin gene on the development of occupational irritant contact dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2013;168/2:32632. Cross Ref link

    Disease prevention and occupational advice, Role of breastfeeding

    • 451  Foisy M, Boyle RJ, Chalmers JR, et al. The prevention of eczema in infants and children: an overview of Cochrane and non‐Cochrane reviews. Evid Based Child Health 2011;6:132239. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 452  Rautava S, Kainonen E, Salminen S, et al. Maternal probiotic supplementation during pregnancy and breast‐feeding reduces the risk of eczema in the infant. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012;130:135560. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 453  Matheson MC, Allen KJ, Tang MLK. Understanding the evidence for and against the role of breastfeeding in allergy prevention. Clin Exp Allergy 2012;42:82751. Pubmed link
    • 454  Chung CS, Yamini S, Trumbo PR. FDA's health claim review: Whey‐protein partially hydrolyzed infant formula and atopic dermatitis. Pediatrics 2012;130:e408e14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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    • 456  Centre of Evidence‐Based Dermatology. Barrier Enhancement Eczema Prevention (BEEP). Pilot Study http://www.beepstudy.org/ (last accessed May 2015).
    • 457  Diepgen T. Epidemiology and job‐related problems for the eczema patient. Acta Derm Venereol 2005;85(Suppl.):414. Cross Ref link

    Investigations

    • 458  Flohr C, Johansson SGO, Wahlgren CF, et al. How atopic is atopic dermatitis? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004;114:1508. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 459  National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Atopic Eczema in Children: management of atopic eczema in children from birth up to the age of 12 years, 2007 http://www.nice.org.uk/Guidance/CG57 (last accessed May 2015).
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    • 461  Oranje AP, Vangysez D, Mulder PGH, Dieges PH. Food‐induced contact urticaria syndrome (CUS) in atopic dermatitis: reproducibility of repeated and duplicate testing with a skin provocation test, the skin application food test (SAFT). Contact Dermatitis 1994;31:31418. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 462  Rokugo M, Tagami H, Usuba Y, Tomita Y. Contact sensitivity to Pityrosporum ovale in patients with atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol 1990;126(5):62732. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 463  Tengvall Linder M, Johansson C, Scheynius A, Wahlgren C. Positive atopy patch test reactions to Pityrosporum orbiculare in atopic dermatitis patients. Clin Exp Allergy 2000;30(1):12231. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 464  Back O, Bartosik J. Systemic ketoconazole for yeast allergic patients with atopic dermatitis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2001;15(1):348. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 465  Johansson C, Eshaghi H, Linder MT, Jakobson E, Scheynius A. Positive atopy patch test reaction to Malassezia furfur in atopic dermatitis correlates with a T helper 2‐like peripheral blood mononuclear cells response. J Invest Dermatol 2002;118(6):104451. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 466  Sandstrom Falk MH, Tengvall Linder M, Johansson C, et al. The prevalence of Malassezia yeasts in patients with atopic dermatitis, seborrhoeic dermatitis and healthy controls. Acta Derm Venereol 2005;85(1):1723. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 467  Spiewak R. Contact dermatitis in atopic individuals. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2012;12:4917. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 468  Schena D, Papagrigoraki A, Tessari G, Peroni A, Sabbadini C, Girolomoni G. Allergic contact dermatitis in children with and without atopic dermatitis. Dermatitis 2012;23(6):27580. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 469  Gittler JK, Krueger JG, Guttman‐Yassky E. Atopic dermatitis results in intrinsic barrier and immune abnormalities: Implications for contact dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013 Feb;131(2):30013. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 470  Thyssen JP, Carlsen BC, Menne T. Nickel sensitization, hand eczema, and loss‐of‐function mutations in the filaggrin gene. Dermatitis 2008;19(6):3037. Pubmed link
    • 471  Carlsen BC, Thyssen JP, Menne T, et al. Association between filaggrin null mutations and concomitant atopic dermatitis and contact allergy. Clin Exp Dermatol 2011;36(5):46772. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 472  Newell L, Polak ME, Perera J, et al. Sensitization via healthy skin programs Th2 responses in individuals with atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2013 Oct;133(10):237280. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Management

    • 473  National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Atopic Eczema in Children: management of atopic eczema in children from birth up to the age of 12 years, 2007 http://www.nice.org.uk/Guidance/CG57 (last accessed May 2015).
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    • 477  Hoare C, Li Wan Po A, Williams H. Systematic review of treatments for atopic eczema. Health Technology Assessment, 2000 http://www.hta.ac.uk/fullmono/mon437.pdf (last accessed May 2015).
    • 478  Kawashima M, Harada S. Effect of standard medication on quality of life of patients with atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol 2007;34:916. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 479  Callen J, Chamlin S, Eichenfield LF, et al. A systematic review of the safety of topical therapies for atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2007;156:20321. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 480  Krejci Manwaring J, Tusa MG, Carrol C, et al. Stealth monitoring of adherence to topical medication: adherence is very poor in children with atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;56:21116. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 481  Aubert‐Wastiaux H, Moret L, Le Rhun A, et al. Topical corticosteroid phobia in atopic dermatitis: a study of its nature, origins and frequency. Br J Dermatol 2011;165:80814. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 482  Kojima R, Fujiwara T, Matsuda A, et al. Factors associated with steroid phobia in caregivers of children with atopic dermatitis. Pediatr Dermatol 2013;30:2935. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 483  Bostoen J, Bracke S, De Keyser S. An educational programme for patients with psoriasis and atopic dermatitis: A prospective randomized controlled trial. Br J Dermatol 2012;167:102531. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 484  Staab D, Diepgen TL, Fartasch M, et al. Age related, structured educational programmes for the management of atopic dermatitis in children and adolescents: multicentre, randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2006;332(7547):9338. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 485  Katayama I, Kohno Y, Akiyama K, et al. Japanese Guidelines for atopic dermatitis. Allergol Int 2011;60:20520. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 486  Holden CA, English J, Hoare C, et al. Advised best practice for the use of emollients in eczema and other dry skin conditions. J Dermatol Treat 2002;13:1036. Cross Ref link
    • 487  Tan BB, Weald D, Strickland I, Friedmann PS. Double‐blind controlled trial of effect of housedust‐mite allergen avoidance on atopic dermatitis. Lancet 1996;347(8993):1518. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 488  Gutgesell C, Heise S, Seubert S, et al. Double‐blind placebo‐controlled house dust mite control measures in adult patients with atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2001;145(1):704. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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    • 501  Mao X, Schimmer AD. The toxicology of Clioquinol. Toxicol Lett 2008;182(1–3):16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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    Treatment

      Third line

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